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In this paper, aluminum alloy 7075 is used as the raw material to study the tensile strength of the welding interface and the development of welding seam and grains by using local compression test.
The cut specimen is milled by waterproof abrasive paper of different numbers (#_240, 400, 600, 800, 1200, 1500, 2000, 2400, 4000), and then finished by 0.5μm Al2O3 powder aqueous solution.
On the lower billet, different grains have obvious black lines in different directions, it may because of the new plane direction resulted from the heating pressing process.
The grains in main body specimen, as shown in Fig. 14(a) and (b), are round, whereas long and narrow grain shape is formed on flash part specimen due to material shear flow.
The metallurgical structure observed through OM: (a) upper specimen of main body; (b) lower specimen of main body; (c) flash part has long grains and almost no seam.

Analytical surveillance programmes by food controlling agencies are required to control aflatoxin contamination of food grains and human exposure.
This method is recommended for detection and quantification of the less toxic aflatoxin B2, which is presented in grains.
Currently, the easy availability of ELISA kits has paved the way for analysis of large number of samples simultaneously.
This technique has been successfully applied for analyzing aflatoxins in grains and peanuts [51].
Pascale, Detection methods for mycotoxins in cereal grains and cereal p roducts, Matica Srpska Proceedings for Natural Sciences 117 (2009) 15-25

The accumulation surface④ is level and its friction coefficient is 0.4. ① ② ③ ④ ①sliding surface ②mounding trough ③motion surface④accumulation surface Fig.2 Numerical Experimentation Model 2.2 Generate sample and set parameter Comprehensive calculation efficiency, the grain composition of physical model and similar degree and particle size distribution, the grain size will be enlarged in order to reduce the grain number and computing workload, and improve the calculation efficiency, eventually, 501 particles are generated, which diameter of its size range is 0.1-0.3 m.
Monitoring results of average contact force and average unbalance force between particles and monitoring results of y direction action force the change of the retaining wall of fill the tank (figure 3, 4) showed that average contact force between particles stable, unbalance force tend to zero, accumulation grains get to stable equilibrium state.
[10] LU Xiao-bing, ZHANG Xu-hui ，Numerical simulation of clastic grain flow along a slope[J], Rock and Mechanics，2009，Vol.30 Supp.2：524-527( in Chineses) [11] LIU Jian-bao, WANG Nai-ang, etc, Influencing Factors of Respose Angle of Sand Dunes: an experiment[J], JOURNAL OF DESERT RESEARC, 2010 ,Vol.30 No.4,758-762( in Chineses) [12] Jiang Peng,Yang Shubi, EXPERIMENT STUDY ON RHEOLOGIC BEHAVIOR AND LONG TERM STRENGTH OF GRAVEL IN CHENGDU AREA[J], Journal of Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation, 1998,Vol.9 No.1,38-42( in Chineses)

Depending on the size of the volumes in which they manifest (appears an heterogeneity of deformation) are defined the following categories of residual stresses [3, 10, 12]: a) macrostresses: - first order residual stresses (macroscopic) (), which causes deformations and develops in the deformed piece at a larger scale than the grain size of the material or a significant volume element (millimeters), they result from the balance of internal forces and correspond to an average value of all the material; b) microstresses: - second-order residual stresses (microscopic or intergranular) () acting at the grain scale (micrometer), they are almost always at polycrystalline materials because the elastic and thermal properties of neighboring grains are different; their value is a stress variation of every grain around the average value, represented by the () stress; () stresses are referred to as homogeneous microstresses
- third-order residual stresses or ultramicroscopic (), acting on the level of atoms, due to the presence of dislocations or other crystal lattice defects (at a scale on the order of a few tens of nanometers), they are found in materials with multiphasic microstructure, being generated by the phasic transformations; their value fluctuates around the mean value of the stresses of a grain (); stresses can be called heterogeneous microstresses.
Recent specialized literature [14], suggests a concept of residual stress management and a number of engineering tools to analyze the major aspects of residual stresses.

Farmland mainly upland and irrigable land is given priority to maize, millet, buckwheat Kessler such as grains, beans.
Garden is the objectives of the land type change in the important factors, garden number of increase farmer's income.
Combine the tab.2, we can see the Ansai forest land, grassland, garden increase in the number of more apparent, first woodland and grassland mainly by increasing number of the country "converting cropland to forest and grassland" policy influence, a lot of slope farmland, and by the increase in the number of garden, primarily because after farmland.

Along with the rapid population growth, industrial production scale expands unceasingly, the rapid development of urbanization, agricultural production with a large number of chemical fertilizers and sewage irrigation, and a lot of harmful substances into the soil system, the soil heavy metal pollution has become a serious environmental problem to the world.
The solid phase contains a large number of clay minerals, organic matter and metal oxide which can hold into its internal various pollutants, especially heavy metal elements, and then accumulate in the soil.
Heavy metal in edible part of crop and its effect on human health have a large number of reports.
A large number of heavy metal distributions in the root.
The heavy metal concentrations in the grain are relatively low.

Before test, all the specimens were first mechanically polished using sandpaper from grade 600 to grade 2000 in sequence and then further polished with diamond suspensions (minimum grain size 7μm).
Fig.4 shows variation of stress amplitude during testing process, and the horizontal ordinate is the ratio of cyclic number () to fatigue life ().
It can be seen that, after a few loading cycles, the stress amplitude is relatively stable, therefore, the hysteresis loop at the number of half fatigue life can be defined as the stabilized one and used to evaluate the cyclic stress-strain relationship.
The stabilized stress amplitude at the number of half fatigue life was used to calculate the elastic strain amplitude.
According to the Coffin-Manson relationship[6,7], which is expressed as: , , (2) Where =total strain amplitude, =elastic strain amplitude, =plastic strain amplitude, =fatigue strength coefficient, =fatigue strength exponent,=fatigue ductility coefficient, =fatigue ductility exponent, = number of reversals to failure.

As a result the wear of such multilayer coating would proceed in number of steps corresponding to number of layers and in the effect minimizing the substrate barred area, i.e. the overall wear.
The start of the wear both enlarge and increase number of these vertical cracks as well as opens some inclined to the surface through-crystalline.
A more detailed investigation of the wear grove center part and especially of the parts of the specimen of smaller thickness proved that TiN layers contain number of separate or multiple vertical cracks, while Ti layers are Fig.1.
This observation indicates that the fine graining together with some contamination from argon and nitrogen from deposition of Ti layer increased its strength above that of stainless steel substrate.

The total number of elements is 60450, and total number of nodes is 77868.
References [1] Kaido, C: Spiral Core made of Grain-oriented Electrical Steel Sheet, IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 116, No. 3 (1996), pp. 265-270 [2] Abb research ltd.: Method of forming motor, Japan patent (in Japanese), 2004-505595 [3] Kumai, S., and Yaskawa electric corp : Winding accumulating core of motor, Japan patent (in Japanese), s51-40506 [4] Kikuchi, Y., Fukuda, Y., Maeyama, K., and Fujitsu general ltd.
:Motor, Japan patent, 2005-160170 [5] Sakanishi, S., Asai, T., Koyama, M., and Kuroda precision ind. ltd., Mitsuba electric mfg. co. ltd. : Method and device for manufacturing winding stator core, Japan patent, h2-106151 [6] Mizutani, K., and Toshiba corp.: Manufacture of annular core, Japan patent, h1-264548 (a) V2=40 % in Eq.(2) Slit of 1st layer Slit of 2nd layer (c) (b Slit Fig.9 Unit cell of two layer's model (a) Two layers model (b) Positions of silts (c) Approximation method block2 block1 block1 Table1 Effect of number of slit Ns on *E ( Ns:Effect of number of slit of one layer) 128 158 179 187 196 115 148 172 182 192 90.4 126 157 170 186 85.6 120 149 163 178 113 146 171 181 193 106 138 163 176 187 12 6 3 2 1 ROM FEM ROM FEM ROM FEM D=284[mm],t=16[mm] D=142[mm],t=32[mm] D=142[mm],t=16[mm] Effective Young's modulus [GPa] 128 158 179 187 196 115 148 172 182 192 90.4 126

In mobile service domain, there are special problems needed to be considered: in the beginning of new mobile service running period, the number of customer is lower; During the running period, new customers continually join and/or service items are continually included into the service, so one customer often experience and evaluate limited items, which a can be found in many service applications such as web content recommendation.
For a specific Time Window T, the integration of all user’s context preferences for service s produces a context preference matrix RT, With the refinement of context grain size and the increase of service running time, RT will shows a high-dimensional characteristic and increasing capacity which means weak associations between customers appears.
Definition 3：is a CPH, for , the vertex weight and do not change, for,the initial hyperedge weight ,,k is the number of vertices in.For,,can be merged into one hyper edge ,.
GroupLens Organization provides a mobile version of Movielens website, mobile customer can browse and evaluate service offered by Movielens anywhere, anytime[9]. s is defined as a service which recommends comedy movie information, so the sample is chosen from dataset of comedy films.Cs = (gender, occupation, age,day time (morning, afternoon, evening), week (workday, weekend)),The value of last two context attributes are obtained by time stamp conversion.is the ratio of number of records with satisfactory feedback into the number of all records with satisfactory feedback.