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The number of relatively large primary α-Mg solid solutions (bright phases) appeared in the thick specimens (6 and 10 mm) are higher than that in the 2mm thick.
Because of a rapid solidification against the die wall fine grains are formed at the surface.
The grain size and the quantities of pre-solidified α-Mg dendrite fragments are increasing towards the center.

Although the overall goal of SOA architecture is clear, but the interior design has not a certain standard, many domestic scholars and institutions also raised the SOA framework, this paper carries out a large number of studies on the proposed model, and then summarizes a set of simplified SOA model, which consists of five logic layers, and the specific architecture model as shown in figure 2.
Throughout the service-oriented layer, the system encapsulates the various businesses into coarse-grained, easily reusable services entities, and then starts the release and registration services through this layer, and accepts the call of the presentation layer
Business users through logical view and process view deal with coarse-grained business services, and according to the changed business needs arrange them in the process for requirements.

Based on this grain refinement effect, bulk nanostructured materials processed by several methods of severe plastic deformation (SPD), such as equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), high pressure torsion straining (HPT), accumulated roll bonding (ARB), equal channel angular rolling, groove rolling, equal channel multi-angular pressing, etc., were developed [2–4].
Among the various SPD processes, ECAP is a convenient procedure for obtaining ultrafine grained (UFG) materials by extruding metallic materials through specially designed channel dies without a substantial change in geometries.
The numbers of elements were 10000 for the 2D process and 100000 for the 3D process.

Lauwers et al [3] studied the influence of the type and grain size of the second phase on the material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (Ra) of Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) ceramic composite in EDM using design of experiments (DoE).
The experiments are conducted based on the DoE approach using L18 Orthogonal Array to reduce the number of experiments.
Vanmeensel, Influence of the type and grain size of the electro-conductive phase on the Wire-EDM performance of ZrO2 ceramic composites, CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology 57 (2008) 191–194

The samples were examined for reflection; the intensity of the diffraction pattern was recorded using a linear-type position-sensitive detector SSD160 with a number of channels 160.
Carbide inclusions are present along the grain boundaries in the Cr15Al5 alloy.
Exposure for 10 h at 1150 °С leads to an increase in the coating thickness to 350 μm, smoothing of the interface between it and the Cr15Al5 alloy, as well as a significant grain growth in the latter (Fig. 4, a).

Workpiece vibration Amplitude : 2 mm Frequency : 15 Hz Lubricant Straight oil type grinding fluid : 2 mL In this experiment, a mixed magnetic abrasive which contains the magnetic abrasive grain (sintered body of WA abrasive grain and iron powder, 80 μm in mean diameter) and the magnetic pin which can give magnetization quality (SUS304H,Φ0.5 ×5 mm) was used.
If the abrasive cutting edge average cutting speed achieved 18 m/min, interval numbers reach 105 per second.

Introduction With the number of large tunnel projects increasing, the application amount of large-scale shield machine increasing.
It is usual for the steel to be supplied in a hot-rolled condition with a pearlitic microstructure including some proeutectoid cementite at the prior austenite grain boundaries[1, 2], especially in large-scale rolled bars.
The proeutectoid cementite, when it forms networks at the austenite grain boundaries, is undesirable because it has been shown to adversely affect the rolling contact fatigue life in accelerated tests conducted with contact stresses in excess of 5 GPa[3].

The selected fillers are SiO2, NaOH, grain graphite and white carbon black.
And the grains of composites obtained by cutter are molded to be standard sample for test at 220~240℃.
China Standard Number, China Standard Press (2006), in press [11] Wang Xiaodong et al: China Plastics Industry Vol.35(2007), p. 22

INTRODUCTION Although a significant number of papers dealing with the structural, thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of Ti3SiC2 have been published so far (reviewed in Ref. [1]), electrochemical behavior of Ti3SiC2 in acid media was the subject of only two of them [2,3].
The Ti3SiC2 samples were fully dense with a fine-grain (3-5 9m) size.
The Ti4AlN3 samples were also fully dense with a grain size of 20 9m.

Introduction Squeeze casting is a relatively new and developing casting technology that has got number of advantages, including the elimination of gas and shrinkage porosities, the reduction or elimination of metal wastage due to the absence of feeders or risers[1,2].The process has the capability of producing pore free near net shape castings [3].
Such a high heat transfer rate results in a high level of nucleation and rate of growth, which leads to finer grain size, close dendrite arm spacing and smaller constituent particles.
From the results, it was evident that when the level of squeeze pressure was higher, the hydraulic shock encountered at the molten alloy causes the rapid heat transfer rate thereby promoting rapid solidification which in turn leads to the grain refinement in squeeze cast components to exhibit improved mechanical properties.