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Also, it is important to keep in mind that homogeneity, commonly used with accuracy for bulk materials, becomes unreliable for modeling devices that have dimensions comparable to the material intrinsic lengths (grain size, microscopic fluctuations, interaction distances, etc.).
A fine grain silver halide holographic photo plate PFG-03C was used.
2 2 1 1 lim 2 sin 1 2 cos 1 lim 2 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 2 1 2 0 2 2 1 0 2 2 1 2 1               −=                      − =                     − = =               ⋅−⋅       − =                     − = =                     − =                     +            ≈ ∑ ∑ ∑∑ ∑ ∑∑ ∑ ∑ ∞+ = ∞+ = ∞+ = = ∞→ ∞+ = = ∞+ = ∞→ = = ∞→ σ λ π σ λ π σ λ π σ λ π ζ λ π ζ λ π ζ λ π ζ λ π k k k k k k k k k k m i k i m k k k m i k k i k m m i i m i i m k k k k m k k m m m I (1) Where I is the intensity of illumination; m is number of discrete sampling points; ζi is discrete

Just as the old saying goes：saving grain during the harvest year for the time we need it; when disaster occur, grain can be used as money for exchanging; this is called saving it when we have for the time we lack it[3].
[3] Jiatai Zhang,in:Han Dynasty architectural On a number of issues, edtied by Heritage (Third Series): Science Press, 2009 (12): 21(in chinese)

This attributes to changes in the material removal mechanism between the two grains.
The reason may be the decreasing load and the increasing abrasive grits numbers between the pad and workpiece.
These pits are considered as the gap between the grains.

Here, S and D stand for Single XY-scan and Double XY-scan, respectively, and the number following them indicates VED.
During rapid solidification, elemental segregation induced residual stress, which acted as the initiation point of cracks, and the cracks propagated along the segregated regions and grain boundaries.
Also, unlike other samples, D300 showed cracks aligned in the BD direction along high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs), while the transverse cracks were suppressed.

Results and discussion 3.1 TiO2 single layer Fig.2 SEM images of TiO2 surface and AFM-RMS as a function of deposition condition for the PAEBE films (a,b) have more fine grain size and lower RMS values than those of e-beam films(c,d).
Although the deposition temperature of EBE method was higher than that of PAEBE, as a RF power increased from 0W to 200W, SEM images show that grain size of surface is significantly fine and RMS values decreased from 2.479nm to 0.95nm.
Schematic diagram of the PAEBE system Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 3 accelerated into substrate by self-bias, and interacted with particles of the deposited layer or substrate.

a b Fig. 1: Backscattered electrons SEM images of the microstructure of a) tetragonal Ru45Nb55 with two levels of twinning b) monoclinic Ru50Nb50 with three levels of twinning As a consequence of a structural phase transformation with a decrease of the symmetry between the parent phase and the martensite, a finite number of variants is generated in each grain of the parent phase.
In the case of martensitic transformation, because of the unit cell deformation, the self accommodation of the variants is necessary for minimizing the deformation but the equiprobability of nucleation of the variants will lead to an equiprobability for the production of the self-accommodated group of martensite in each grain of the austenite.

In the case that various stocks of resources cannot be fully shared in the manufacturing enterprise group, when there is a surge in the number of projects, the resources will become relatively limited, the competition for resources will frequently emerge, resulting in lower product quality, longer development cycle and higher development cost.
In this mode, the resource sharing and application are tight coupling and privatization because of the big grain degree, low utilization rate and the particular realization of information integration and process integration.
Without consideration of resource services for multiple users or tasks, the coarse grained resource encapsulation can’t meet the need of multidimensional dynamic resource combination

But fertilizer efficiency was low, which directly affected the farm incomes and grain yields.
The reliability of simulation results with the Amesim/Simulink respectively combined simulation model parameters, the PID, and the size of the model parameters and their gain .Joint the Amesim/Simulink simulation model parameters directly affect the final simulation results. , , and parameters of the PID gain different size directly affect the results of simulation and the model of the dynamic process of oscillation frequency and steady state process speed fluctuation .Use of single variable control PID parameter setting in Simulink, and the setting process as follows : Tab 2 Controller critical value conversion experience formula Number Control mode Proportional band Integration time Differential time 1 Ｐ 　 2δk 　 ∞ 0 2 PI 　 2.2δk 　 0.833Tk 　 0 3 　
References [1]LiHongli,Zhangweifen.Chemical fertilizer use and efficiency change of main grain crops in China[J].

With the increase of the content of inclusions, the number of micro-defects in the alloy increases, and the small average pitch of defects makes the crack propagation resistance smaller.
Sub-grain boundary is not well formed, the dislocation density within the crystal is still kept at a high level, so that the internal storage of the metal can be increased rapidly, to achieve driving force required by the dynamic recrystallization (DRX), and eventually lead to the occurrence of DRX[19-22]. 4 Conclusions (1) Inclusion size of 3003 aluminum alloy with untreated is larger, and the inclusion distribution is uneven.
Wang, Effect of initial grain size on the dynamic recrystallization of hot deformation for 3003 aluminum alloy, Metals and Materials International, 2018, 24(3): 1-9

Moreover, with the number of wearable devices carried by a person increases further, the gateway becomes more useful for power saving in overall.
They employed hash-chain based key updating method and proxy-protected signature to achieve efficient secure transmission and fine-grained data access control.
Last but not least, the security strength for all devices is the same, which cannot provide fine-grained security managements for distinct devices.