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Online since: September 2011
Authors: Ning Chen, Xi Xian Xie, Qing Yang Xu, Lei Ma, Jian Wang
It is reported sodium citrate can decrease the activity of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase in Bacillus subtilis by increasing the absorption of calcium, which results in fluxes reduction of EMP pathway [5].
The tubing pump for feeding medium was controlled manually based on the measured data of glucose concentration in order to keep glucose concentration in the culture broth 10 g/L approximately.
It is reported that with weakened EMP route, the carbon overflow between EMP route and TCA cycle is relieved, which results in the reduction of organic acid such as acetic acid[8].
It is because that sodium citrate suppresses the activity of phosphofructokinase through strengthening the inhibitory effect of ATP, which results in the decrease of the EMP route flux and the reduction of byproducts correspondingly.
The tubing pump for feeding medium was controlled manually based on the measured data of glucose concentration in order to keep glucose concentration in the culture broth 10 g/L approximately.
It is reported that with weakened EMP route, the carbon overflow between EMP route and TCA cycle is relieved, which results in the reduction of organic acid such as acetic acid[8].
It is because that sodium citrate suppresses the activity of phosphofructokinase through strengthening the inhibitory effect of ATP, which results in the decrease of the EMP route flux and the reduction of byproducts correspondingly.
Online since: December 2012
Authors: Zhong Qing Wang, Qiang Hu
The other credits included Development Density and Community Connectivity (5 points, 19%), Site Development (2 points, 8%), Stormwater Design (2 points, 8%), Heat Island Effect (2 points, 8%), Site Selection (1 point, 4%) and Light Pollution Reduction (1 point, 4%).
Credit 7 Heat Island Effect 7.1 Nonroof 1 To reduce heat islands1 to minimize impacts on microclimates and human and wildlife habitats. 7.2 Roof 1 Credit 8 Light Pollution Reduction 1 To minimize light trespass from the building and site, reduce sky-glow to increase night sky access, improve nighttime visibility through glare reduction and reduce development impact from lighting on nocturnal environments.
The evaluation specific methods and related data were given and the clear logic relationship exited among these options.
Credit 7 Heat Island Effect 7.1 Nonroof 1 To reduce heat islands1 to minimize impacts on microclimates and human and wildlife habitats. 7.2 Roof 1 Credit 8 Light Pollution Reduction 1 To minimize light trespass from the building and site, reduce sky-glow to increase night sky access, improve nighttime visibility through glare reduction and reduce development impact from lighting on nocturnal environments.
The evaluation specific methods and related data were given and the clear logic relationship exited among these options.
Online since: June 2014
Authors: Atthapol Seedam, Piyanath Jaisuk, Piyoro Jirawattana, Thana Radpukdee
Especially in view of efficiency, needs are the reduction of power loss via the transmission and allowing an engine to operate at its optimum point on any road load and desired speed.
This leads to a smooth drive and reduction of fuel consumption.
It has been noted that if the path is projected on the speed-torque plane, there is a small reduction of the engine speed while the speed tends to increase.
With the same components of the CVT powertrain [10], this work used simulated CVT efficiency data to generate the engine map and an actual operation path from a real hydrostatic CVT powertrain and a real SI engine.
This leads to a smooth drive and reduction of fuel consumption.
It has been noted that if the path is projected on the speed-torque plane, there is a small reduction of the engine speed while the speed tends to increase.
With the same components of the CVT powertrain [10], this work used simulated CVT efficiency data to generate the engine map and an actual operation path from a real hydrostatic CVT powertrain and a real SI engine.
Online since: August 2013
Authors: Jing Yun Chen, Jia Yin Liu, Qiang Ma
Introduction
With the concerning about energy saving and emission reduction, researchers and enterprises devoted themselves to develop environmentally friendly products and technologies.
WMA made the mixing temperature of asphalt mixture about 40 degrees cooler than HMA and saved about 26% fuel costs with a reduction of harmful emissions at the range of 30% to 70%[4].
Literatures involve data about ordinary asphalt concrete at present.
The energy saving and emission reduction effect evaluation of Evotherm warm mix asphalt mixture, Communications Science and Technology Heilongjiang. 5(2010) 61-63.
WMA made the mixing temperature of asphalt mixture about 40 degrees cooler than HMA and saved about 26% fuel costs with a reduction of harmful emissions at the range of 30% to 70%[4].
Literatures involve data about ordinary asphalt concrete at present.
The energy saving and emission reduction effect evaluation of Evotherm warm mix asphalt mixture, Communications Science and Technology Heilongjiang. 5(2010) 61-63.
Online since: March 2013
Authors: H. Miao, R.H. Zhang
In the role of the punch, the plates are easier to port into the die along the die within the results of reduction rate becomes smaller.
When friction coefficient (f) is between 0.22 and 0.26, thickness reduction rate of metal increases with the increase of forming friction coefficient (f), which due to the friction coefficient (f) is too large, the resistance of material flow into the die increases and finally leads to rupture of plate stamping.
2.2 10 0.18 0.6 Up level +1(3) 2.24 10.5 0.19 0.7 Table3 Orthogonal experimental design (L9 (34)) D r f h Minimum thickness (mm) Maximum thickness (mm) Maximum thinning rate (%) Maximum thickening rate (%) 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1.5126 2.0134 24.37 0.67 2 0 -1 0 0 1.4916 2.0178 25.42 0.89 3 +1 -1 +1 +1 1.1974 2.0866 40.13 4.33 4 -1 0 0 +1 1.3950 2.0650 30.25 3.25 5 0 0 +1 -1 1.5492 2.0108 22.54 0.54 6 +1 0 -1 0 1.4296 2.0208 28.52 1.04 7 -1 +1 +1 0 1.5022 2.0122 24.89 0.61 8 0 +1 -1 +1 1.3248 2.0748 33.76 3.74 9 +1 +1 0 -1 1.5084 2.0148 24.58 0.73 Analysis of Variance Table 4 The factor analysis of variance on the minimum thickness D/mm r /mm f h/mm K1 4.4098 4.2016 4.2670 4.5702 K2 4.3656 4.3738 4.2114 4.4234 K3 4.1354 4.3354 4.0946 3.9172 K1/3 1.4699 1.4005 1.4223 1.5234 K2/3 1.4552 1.4579 1.4038 1.4745 K3/3 1.3785 1.4451 1.3649 1.3649 Poor 0.0914 0.0574 0.0574 0.1585 Excellent program D1 r2 f1 h1 According to the simulation results obtained in Table 3 do variance analysis, the data
Table 5 The factor analysis of variance on the maximum thickness D/mm r /mm f h/mm K1 6.0906 6.1178 6.1090 6.0390 K2 6.1034 6.0966 6.0976 6.0508 K3 6.1222 6.1018 6.1098 6.2264 K1/3 2.0302 2.0393 2.0363 2.0130 K2/3 2.0345 2.0322 2.0325 2.0169 K3/3 2.0407 2.0339 2.0365 2.0755 Poor 0.0105 0.0071 0.0040 0.0625 Excellent program D3 r1 f3 h3 Table 6 The factors analysis of variance on the maximum reduction rate of various D/mm r /mm f h/mm K1 79.51 89.92 86.65 71.47 K2 81.72 81.31 80.25 78.83 K3 93.23 83.23 87.56 104.14 K1/3 26.5033 29.9733 28.8833 23.8233 K2/3 27.2400 27.1033 26.7500 26.2767 K3/3 31.0767 27.7433 29.1867 34.7133 Poor 4.5734 2.87 2.4367 10.89 Excellent program D3 r1 f3 h3 Table 7 The factors analysis of variance on the maximum thickness rate of various D/mm r /mm f h/mm K1 4.53 5.89 5.45 1.94 K2 5.17 4.83 4.87 2.54 K3 6.1 5.08 5.48 11.32 K1/3 1.51 1.9633 1.8167 0.6467 K2/3 1.7233 1.61 1.6233 0.8467 K3/3 2.0333 1.6933 1.8267 3.7733 Poor 0.5233 0.3533 0.2034 3.1266 Excellent
When friction coefficient (f) is between 0.22 and 0.26, thickness reduction rate of metal increases with the increase of forming friction coefficient (f), which due to the friction coefficient (f) is too large, the resistance of material flow into the die increases and finally leads to rupture of plate stamping.
2.2 10 0.18 0.6 Up level +1(3) 2.24 10.5 0.19 0.7 Table3 Orthogonal experimental design (L9 (34)) D r f h Minimum thickness (mm) Maximum thickness (mm) Maximum thinning rate (%) Maximum thickening rate (%) 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1.5126 2.0134 24.37 0.67 2 0 -1 0 0 1.4916 2.0178 25.42 0.89 3 +1 -1 +1 +1 1.1974 2.0866 40.13 4.33 4 -1 0 0 +1 1.3950 2.0650 30.25 3.25 5 0 0 +1 -1 1.5492 2.0108 22.54 0.54 6 +1 0 -1 0 1.4296 2.0208 28.52 1.04 7 -1 +1 +1 0 1.5022 2.0122 24.89 0.61 8 0 +1 -1 +1 1.3248 2.0748 33.76 3.74 9 +1 +1 0 -1 1.5084 2.0148 24.58 0.73 Analysis of Variance Table 4 The factor analysis of variance on the minimum thickness D/mm r /mm f h/mm K1 4.4098 4.2016 4.2670 4.5702 K2 4.3656 4.3738 4.2114 4.4234 K3 4.1354 4.3354 4.0946 3.9172 K1/3 1.4699 1.4005 1.4223 1.5234 K2/3 1.4552 1.4579 1.4038 1.4745 K3/3 1.3785 1.4451 1.3649 1.3649 Poor 0.0914 0.0574 0.0574 0.1585 Excellent program D1 r2 f1 h1 According to the simulation results obtained in Table 3 do variance analysis, the data
Table 5 The factor analysis of variance on the maximum thickness D/mm r /mm f h/mm K1 6.0906 6.1178 6.1090 6.0390 K2 6.1034 6.0966 6.0976 6.0508 K3 6.1222 6.1018 6.1098 6.2264 K1/3 2.0302 2.0393 2.0363 2.0130 K2/3 2.0345 2.0322 2.0325 2.0169 K3/3 2.0407 2.0339 2.0365 2.0755 Poor 0.0105 0.0071 0.0040 0.0625 Excellent program D3 r1 f3 h3 Table 6 The factors analysis of variance on the maximum reduction rate of various D/mm r /mm f h/mm K1 79.51 89.92 86.65 71.47 K2 81.72 81.31 80.25 78.83 K3 93.23 83.23 87.56 104.14 K1/3 26.5033 29.9733 28.8833 23.8233 K2/3 27.2400 27.1033 26.7500 26.2767 K3/3 31.0767 27.7433 29.1867 34.7133 Poor 4.5734 2.87 2.4367 10.89 Excellent program D3 r1 f3 h3 Table 7 The factors analysis of variance on the maximum thickness rate of various D/mm r /mm f h/mm K1 4.53 5.89 5.45 1.94 K2 5.17 4.83 4.87 2.54 K3 6.1 5.08 5.48 11.32 K1/3 1.51 1.9633 1.8167 0.6467 K2/3 1.7233 1.61 1.6233 0.8467 K3/3 2.0333 1.6933 1.8267 3.7733 Poor 0.5233 0.3533 0.2034 3.1266 Excellent
Analysis and Suggestions for the Development of Vehicle Ro-Ro Transportation in the Chuanjiang River
Online since: August 2013
Authors: Xue Feng Han, Shi Ping Xie
Table 1 shows a comparative data of transport volume of highways and Ro-Ro waterways in recent years in and out of the Three-Gorge Reservoir area.
Transportation is one of the key national industries aimed at the energy conservation and emission reduction.
The development of Ro-Ro transportation enterprises in The Reservoir shows Ro-Ro transport has obvious advantages and potentials in energy saving and emission reduction.
According to the functional requirements of the transportation organization in the Three-Gorge Reservoir area, toll reductions and exemptions for transport vehicles crossing over the Dam reduces the transportation cost of integral Ro-Ro and over-Dam transportation system in the three gorges dam zone. 5.Carry out the "1025" transportation plan and lay out scientific transport capacity and Ro-Ro transport route.
Transportation is one of the key national industries aimed at the energy conservation and emission reduction.
The development of Ro-Ro transportation enterprises in The Reservoir shows Ro-Ro transport has obvious advantages and potentials in energy saving and emission reduction.
According to the functional requirements of the transportation organization in the Three-Gorge Reservoir area, toll reductions and exemptions for transport vehicles crossing over the Dam reduces the transportation cost of integral Ro-Ro and over-Dam transportation system in the three gorges dam zone. 5.Carry out the "1025" transportation plan and lay out scientific transport capacity and Ro-Ro transport route.
Online since: February 2015
Authors: Anna P. Zykova, Irina Kurzina, Mihail Yu. Novomejsky, Yuriy D. Novomejsky
Concentration dependence of the modified 110G13L steel lattice parameter
Additional modification of 110G13L (Russian grade) steel with Cr and Nb elements leads to the reduction of the initial coherent scattering region from 1,500 A to 150-350 A.
An essential parameter is the intensity of coherent scattering region reduction due to straining because the coherent scattering region provides a significant contribution to the increase of steel yield point, and plays an important role in the resistance to abrasive wear.
In such a case, the intensity of blocks size reduction in modified steel is higher than that in commercial one.
The summary data on particle size and topography obtained by studying a large number of replica images are given in Table 2.
An essential parameter is the intensity of coherent scattering region reduction due to straining because the coherent scattering region provides a significant contribution to the increase of steel yield point, and plays an important role in the resistance to abrasive wear.
In such a case, the intensity of blocks size reduction in modified steel is higher than that in commercial one.
The summary data on particle size and topography obtained by studying a large number of replica images are given in Table 2.
Online since: February 2017
Authors: Csaba Balázsi, Éva Fazakas, Enikő Réka Fábián, Monika Furkó
However, the calcium phosphate coatings cannot be directly electroplated onto the substrate instead the reduction of water occurs at the surface of cathode.
Ag/AgCl) indicating that the cathodic processes (oxygen reduction and layer reduction) are diffusion controlled.
|bc| (mV/dec.) jcorr (nA/cm2) Ecorr (mV) Rp (kΩ•cm2) Ti6Al4V 153 128 14.1 107 2146 CaP/Ti6Al4V 224 197 18.2 -40 2518 AgCaP/Ti6Al4V 168 96 36.3 -130 731 Data of Table 1 demonstrate that the CaP layer possesses the highest polarization resistance (2518 kΩ•cm2) owing to the layer’s compact structure, while the silver modified CaP layer has the lowest resistance proving that during immersion mainly silver dissolution take place.
Ag/AgCl) indicating that the cathodic processes (oxygen reduction and layer reduction) are diffusion controlled.
|bc| (mV/dec.) jcorr (nA/cm2) Ecorr (mV) Rp (kΩ•cm2) Ti6Al4V 153 128 14.1 107 2146 CaP/Ti6Al4V 224 197 18.2 -40 2518 AgCaP/Ti6Al4V 168 96 36.3 -130 731 Data of Table 1 demonstrate that the CaP layer possesses the highest polarization resistance (2518 kΩ•cm2) owing to the layer’s compact structure, while the silver modified CaP layer has the lowest resistance proving that during immersion mainly silver dissolution take place.
Online since: April 2009
Authors: Francisco Velasco, Asuncion Bautista, A. González-Centeno
The improvement of the
properties of PM steels has traditionally been achieved through a reduction of the porosity [1-4] or
modifying their composition [5].
The high-temperature behavior of ferritic stainless steels have just started to be studied in depth, after proving that they are much more oxidation resistant than austenitic and duplex grades [6], but there are no published data about the effect of increasing their Si content in a prealloyed way.
However, other authors suggest that the reduction on the oxidation rate is caused by a discontinuous network of silica particles at, and beneath, the steel-chromia interface [8,12].
The reduction of the porosity with the sintering temperature (Fig. 1) causes the increases on the hardness that dominates over the effect of the grain-size growth (Fig.2). 434L+2%Si steel always exhibit higher mechanical properties than commercial 434L steels (Fig. 3) sintered at the same temperature, in spite of being more porous (Fig. 1).
The high-temperature behavior of ferritic stainless steels have just started to be studied in depth, after proving that they are much more oxidation resistant than austenitic and duplex grades [6], but there are no published data about the effect of increasing their Si content in a prealloyed way.
However, other authors suggest that the reduction on the oxidation rate is caused by a discontinuous network of silica particles at, and beneath, the steel-chromia interface [8,12].
The reduction of the porosity with the sintering temperature (Fig. 1) causes the increases on the hardness that dominates over the effect of the grain-size growth (Fig.2). 434L+2%Si steel always exhibit higher mechanical properties than commercial 434L steels (Fig. 3) sintered at the same temperature, in spite of being more porous (Fig. 1).
Online since: August 2008
Authors: Sonia Regina Homem de Mello-Castanho, Thomaz Augusto Guisard Restivo
The conventional preparation route for YSZ-Ni anodes consists on mixing YSZ and NiO
oxides followed by sintering in oxidant atmosphere and a further reduction step at 900-1000°C or
in situ by the fuel during the SOFC operation [2, 4, 5].
The shrinkage produced by the reduction of NiO to Ni is quite small.
From the data and powder characteristic noted after MA, it is suggested the small oxidation in air milled sample can work as process controller avoiding excessive Ni cold welding, leading to smaller particle sizes in less time.
Among the MA powders, the higher the energy of milling the lower the sintering start temperature: for instance, sample 1A1H shows a reduction on sintering start temperature of 130°C compared to simple mixed 3ASMIX sample (990 against 1120°C).
The shrinkage produced by the reduction of NiO to Ni is quite small.
From the data and powder characteristic noted after MA, it is suggested the small oxidation in air milled sample can work as process controller avoiding excessive Ni cold welding, leading to smaller particle sizes in less time.
Among the MA powders, the higher the energy of milling the lower the sintering start temperature: for instance, sample 1A1H shows a reduction on sintering start temperature of 130°C compared to simple mixed 3ASMIX sample (990 against 1120°C).