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Hu Shengsun et al [8] reported the effect of pulse frequency on the microstructure of FSS, which showed that the grain size in the interface of the weld was influence by pulsed frequency.
The base metal microstructure can be seen grains of equiaxed ferrite.
This was due to the microstructure formed by welding pulsatile current can form finer grain and a lower cooling rate can produce high impact toughness [14].
Acknowledgments This research is supported by PITTA B Research Grant in 2019 program of Directorate of Research and Public Services, Universitas Indonesia with contract number NKB-0706/UN2.R3.1/HKP.05.00/2019.

There are a number of theories of a phenomenological nature, describing mainly the influence of metallurgical factors.
One of the defining requirements in the creation of cold-resistant constructional steels is to ensure the fine grain size of the structure by micro-alloyage process or modifying.
The ferritic-pearlitic zone is fine-grained with an average grain size of 6 μm (Fig. 2 b).

A number of quaternary R compounds with complex stoichiometries were discovered in the past by combining a rare earth element, a late transition metal, and a group 14 element in liquid aluminum or gallium.
The microstructure of as cast Gd3CuAl3Ge2 is shown in Fig. 1; four phases are present, identified by EDX and XRD as Gd3CuAl3Ge2, the main, medium grey phase, Gd11Al2Ge8 (Sc11Al2Ge8-type, tI84, I4/mmm), seen as lightest grey grains, GdGe0.92Al0.08 (CrB-type, oS8, Cmcm), grains with a slightly darker shade of grey, and GdCuAl3 (BaAl4-type, tI10, I4/mmm), the grains with darkest shade of grey.

In comparison to bitumen or emulsion, foamed bitumen has a much larger surface and surface tension, which facilitates sufficient coating of tiny aggregate grains in particular with a smaller quantity of bitumen.
In this respect, the fine particle content of the designed mix is important in particular since the mix is based on the principle of coating such particles with foam and the mortar formed subsequently bonds the larger aggregate grains.
Proportion of the binder caught on the surface of larger aggregate grains, is analyzed too.
The EM mark for some binders means “fit for emulsification”; the crucial factor being the salt content and neutralising number of these binders.

(3) Control of desired grain size: The protrusion height of the cutting edges on the diamond can be controlled to make a coarse grain wheel or a fine grain wheel by selection of EDM conditions
[5] Patent application, Laid-open Disclosure Number: 2001-170474

Al2O3 powder (Alcoa A16: average grain size, 0.3 µm), and a 3Y-TZP powder (3Y-TZP Tosoh: average grain size, 0.3 µm) were used as raw ceramic materials.
Specimen name number of layers1 green sheets stacking 2 ratio AZ/A after sintering specimen thickness [mm]3 relative density [%] S0 - - - 2.17 99.1 S1 1 11 A1 0 1.83 97.6 S2 9 2A1/(AZ1/A1)3/AZ1/2A1 1.12 + 0.04 1.61 96.8 S3 11 2A1/(AZ2/A)4/AZ2/2A1 1.36 + 0.03 2.10 97.1 S4 7 2A1/(2AZ2/A1)2/AZ2/2A1 2.82 + 0.07 2.25 97.2 1 after sintering. 2AZ are considered as 1 layer 2 for nomenclature of layers, see table 2 3 after rectification and polishing Table 1: specification of sintered specimen Surface stress measurements.
When polycrystalline Al2O3 (having a fine grained microstructure and no significant texture) is subjected to a stress σ the change in frequency ∆ν in luminescence line is given by the tensorial relationship σνjjiiΠ=∆ 3 1 (1) where Πii is referred to as the piezo-spectroscopic coefficient (i.e., relating frequency to stress).

Semisolid forming of aluminium and magnesium alloys is state of the art and a growing number of serial production lines are already operating all over the world.
As in the previous case, globular solid grains surrounded by light grain boundaries are visible in Figure 5.
The microstructure of LTT C38 consists of ferrite (white) and pearlite black with different grain sizes (Figure 9 left).

The grinding-drill process could be look like accumulate results that the working face is micro-cut by a large number, and high speed motion abrasive pellets.
Study on The Single Grain High-Speed Grinding Mechanism, Journal of Northeastern University（Natural Science）,2002,5.p.470-473
Force and chip formation in single-grit orthogonal cutting with shaped CBN and diamond grains [ J].Annals of CIR P, 1991, 40.p.327-329
Finite Element Analysis of Single Abrasive Grain Grinding Based on Deform- 2D[J].

There are numerous publications showing that for ferritic steels, high HRs and short holding times are beneficial for grain refinement of austenite that results in finer transformed microstructures /1,2,3/.
This restriction was known, but due to shortage of thicker wear resistant steel, the sample size was reduced to carry out a larger number of experiments.
The main metallurgical benefit from a rapid induction heating is the refinement of carbide and grain structures due to short heating and holding stages.
Gil Sevillano, Rapid Transformation Annealing: a Novel Method for Grain Refinement of Cold-Rolled Low-Carbon Steels, TSM and ASM International 2007, pp. 1-9

Only limited numbers of tubes growth can be seen with non-tubular grains on top of the TiO2 surface.
Concomitantly, anodizing the Ti in EG/NH4F electrolyte will increase the regularity of the nanotube structure with decreasing amount of non-tubular grains on top of the nanotubes [14].
In contrast, after the calcination treatment is carried out, the morphological structure of TiO2 nanotubes is clearly seen with AuNPs appeared as tiny grains on the surface of the nanotubes (Fig. 3(b)).