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Acknowledgements This work is supported by Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (11JJ2027), National Natural Science Foundation of China (51005073), Project of Hunan Provincial Research Scheme (2011GK3052) and Innovative special project of Hunan Science and Technology Agency research conditions (2012TT2044), are gratefully acknowledged.
References [1] K.F.He, S.S.Huang, D.Y.Sun: Journal of South China University of Technology.Natural Science Edition Vol.36,p.79-82
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Janez Tusiek.: Journal of Materials Processing Technology. (2000), p.250-256.

Koshizaki, Fabrication of oxide base nanostructures using pulsed laser ablation in aqueous solutions, Applied Physics a-Materials Science & Processing 79 (2004) 1489-1492
Shafeev, Nanoparticles produced by laser ablation of solids in liquid environment, Applied Physics a-Materials Science & Processing 79 (2004) 1127-1132
Bououdina, The effects of gold colloid concentration on photoanode electrodes to enhance plasmonic dye-sensitized solar cells performance, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 26 (2015) 6276-6284
Mahdavi, Stability, size and optical properties of silver nanoparticles prepared by laser ablation in different carrier media, Applied Physics a-Materials Science & Processing 84 (2006) 215-219
Gu, Self-assembly of length-tunable gold nanoparticle chains in organic solvents, Applied Physics a-Materials Science & Processing 76 (2003) 541-543.

The use of fly ash in building materials is still limited, for example used as pile in road.
The oxides composition of precursor materials is shown in Table 1.
Red mud and EAFD slag contains finer particles than fly ash, making these materials are able to fill porous formed by fly ash.
Fly ash based geopolymer mortars is a potential material to be developed to replace cement based materials.
References [1] Yang, K.H., and Song, K-I., Assessment of CO2 reduction of Alkali-Activated Concrete, Journal of Cleaner Production (2013), pp 265-272 [2] Davidovits, J., Geopolymer : Chemistry and Application, Institute Geopolymer, 2nd edition, Saing-Quentin, France (2008) [3] Hardjito, D., and Fung, S.S., Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Mortar Incorporating Bottom Ash, Modern Applied Science, 4(1). (2010) [4] Simatupang, P.H., Hanafi, R., Sunendar, B., Imran, I., and Pane, I., The Study of Red Mud Addition Influences in Metakaolinite-Based Geopolymer Characteristics, Journal of Advanced Materials Research (2012), pp. 281-285 [5] Skavara, F., Jilek, T., and Kopecky, L., Geopolymer Materials Based on Fly Ash, Ceramics-Silikaty (2005), pp. 195-204 [6] Criado, M., Palomo, A., and Fernandez-Jimenez, A., and Banfill, P.F.G., Alkali Activated Fly Ash : Effect of Admixtures on Paste Rheology, Rheol Acta (2009), pp. 447-455

So based on transformed-section method, the section composed with steel and concrete can be transformed to one section made of supposing material.
Transformed Section General transformed section is converting the two materials, the bar and concrete, into a same imaginary material which assure the tension and compression performance unchanged.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the Chinese Natural Science Foundation (51268028), Science Foundation of Gansu Province, China (1107RJZA122).
[3] Sih Toh Chang,Ding Yun.Shear lag effect in box girder with varying depth[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,ASCE, 114(10),( 1988), p 2280-2292
[4] Luo Q Z,Tang J,Li Q S.Negative shear lag effect in box girder with varying depth[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,ASCE, 127(10),( 2001,) , p 1236-1239

Xuchang University Xuchang 461000, China 2 Key Laboratory of Dairy Science.
The objective of this paper was to establish rapid viable Escherichia coli O157 detection method by combination of LAMP Materials and Methods Bacterial Strains and PrimersEscherichia coli O157 ATCC 43894 offered by Heilongjiang Import and Export Inspection and Quarantine Bureau was used in this study, and six primers were designed using PrimerExplorer 3 based on the rfbE (GenBank Locus: DQ011534) of Escherichia fergusonii (Table 1).
Palmer, “The public health significance of VTEC O157”, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.
Mustapha, “EMA-Real-Time PCR as a Reliable Method for Detection of Viable Salmonella in Chicken and Eggs”, Journal of Food Science, vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 134-139, 2009
Wang, et al, “Development and Evaluation of a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Method for Detecting Foodborne Shigella in Raw Milk”, Milk Science International, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 264-267, 2009

LSP has so far been tested and efficiently applied to various materials, including maraging steels.
Hackel, Fritz Harris: The Effect of Process Variations on Residual Stress Induced by Laser Peening, Material Science Forum, 404-407 (2002), 95-100
[6] Chu J.P., Rigsbee J.M., Banas G., Elsayed-Ali H.E.: Laser-Shock Processing Effects on Surface Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon Steel, Materials Science and Engineering A260 (1999), 260-268
[7] Fazal A, Arif M.: Numerical Prediction of Plastic Deformation and Residual Stresses Induced by Laser Shock Processing, Journal of Materials Processing Techn. 136 (2003), 120-138
S. et Al: Laser-Shock Processing of Steel, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 135 (2003), 6-17

Since piezoelectric materials exhibit strong temperature dependency.
Journal (A) Vol. 42 (1999), p. 249 ].
Elongation by electric field Remanent polarization elongation The direct and converse piezoelectric effects of piezoelectric materials can be described by piezoelectric equations found by Tiersten in 1969 [[] H.F.
Soh, in: Smart Materials, Structures, and Systems, edited by S.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to extend their thanks to the joint financial support by National Natural Science Fund of China (50778077) and National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (50925828).

The type of chip obtained in orthogonal cutting of the two materials is also presented. 1.
Two different materials were processed because the purpose is on-line monitoring the evolution of forces and temperatures for each material under the influence of cutting speed and feed rate.
Test v [m/min] f [mm/rev] 1 85 0.033 2 85 0.093 3 238 0.033 4 238 0.093 2.1 Cutting forces measurement The workpiece machining was performed without cutting fluid, using the same cutting insert for both materials.
Tests were realized on two types of materials: AISI 1045 carbon steel and AlSi1MgMn aluminium alloy.
Liu, Influence of the stress, strain and temperature on the surface roughness of an AISI 52100 steel due to an orthogonal cut, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Vol. 14(5), (2005) 582-590

On the other hand, development of advanced cutting tool materials, coatings and designs, along with a variety of strategies for lubrication make it possible to achieve better surface quality with dry or Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) machining compared to wet machining.
Experimental results show that the cutting temperature and surface roughness of the work materials are co related and and depends on input parameters as shown in Fig. 7 and Fig. 9.
Hameedullah, The Measurement of chip-tool interference Temperature in the Turning steel, International Journal of Computer Communication and Information System-Vol2.No1., ISSN:0976-1349, 2010 [2] Uzorh Augustine .C, and Nwufo Olisaemeka .C, Thermal Aspect of Machining: Evaluationof Tool and Chip Temperature during Machining Process Using Numerical Method, The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES), Volume2, P 66-79, 2013 [3] M.
[4] M.Ramesh, R.P.Elvin, K.Palanikumar and K.Hemachandra Reddy, Surface Roughness Optimization of Machining Parameters In Machining of Composite Materials, International Journal of Applied Research in Mechanical Engineering, Vol.1, pp. 26-32, 2011
[7] Noordin M.Y, Venkatesh V.C, Sharif S., Elting S, Abdullah A., Application of response surface methodology in describing the performance of coated carbide tools when turning AISI 1045 steel, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 145: 46-58, 2004

The main one is that powder metallurgy is capable of preparing materials with an ultra-fine or even nanoscale microstructure.
Prasada Rao, Effect of Mo on the High-Temperature Creep Resistance and Machinability of a Recycled Al-Alloy with High Iron Impurity, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 25 (2016) 4310-4316
Hono, Mechanical properties and microstructures of Al–1Fe–(0-1)Zr bulk nano-crystalline alloy processed by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering, Materials Science and Engineering: A. 541 (2012) 152-158
Yan, Microstructure and mechanical properties of in-situ Al13Fe4/Al composites prepared by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering, Materials Science and Engineering: A. 558 (2012) 684-691
Xia, Thermal stability of ultrafine grained aluminium alloy prepared by large strain extrusion machining, Materials Science and Technology. 30 (2014) 850-859.