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A material process engineer aims to achieve desired properties by distributing atomic, molecular or ionic species in different phases to achieve desired properties.
One would like to add further that unlike isothermal-isobaric gaseous systems where pressure helps in maintaining the number of atoms per unit volume constant, in substitutional alloys, the total number of vacancies may not get conserved as the diffusion proceeds.
For example, wustite shows a large deviation from the stoichiometric compound, FeO, by having Fe3+ ions in the cation sublattice.
Carburization of steels containing carbide forming alloying elements Many alloy steels contains carbide forming elements such Cr, Nb, W, Ti, etc.
Sherif, Phase Transformation in Metals and Alloys (3rd edition), CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, New York (2008)

Spinel-ferrite composites based on graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide, due to the large surface area and magnetic properties, facilitate water purification processes from oil and organic compounds [12–13].
This work aims to develop magnetic nanoparticles (NP) to create a new superhydrophobic sorbent for water purification from oil spills.
When analyzing the course of the hysteresis loops, it is evident that the magnetic properties change depending on the components of the alloys and the phase composition of the samples under consideration.
Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume 411, 1 May 2021, 128523 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.128523
[12] Xiaodong Yanga et al., Surface functional groups of carbon-based adsorbents and their roles in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions: A critical review, Chemical Engineering Journal.

The nanotechnology applications are expected to bring a range of benefits to the food sector aiming at providing better quality and conservation [12-13].Among different types of materials, magnetic materials have gained prime importance because of their interesting properties and various applications in different fields.
Antimicrobials include antibiotics as well as synthetically formed compounds.
Journal of Nanoscience and Technology, pp.240-241
Hu, Ni/Fe2O3 magnetic composite synthesized by mechanical alloying, Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials 256, no. 1-3 (2003) 13-19
Kothari, Comparison of antibiotic discs from different sources, Journal of clinical pathology 28, no. 10 (1975) 779-783

The main aim of his work was to produce optically transparent polycrystalline alumina for IR window used in missile.
When it comes to finding the dependency of grain growth on the inherent chemical composition or the kinetics related to thermal history, alloys help impeding the grain growth in comparison to those of pure metals.
In alloys, matrix contains dispersed particles, which act as pinning junctions hindering the grain growth rate by exerting the drag force opposite to that of grain growth direction.
Douin: Journal of Alloys and Compounds Vol. 489 (2010), p. 424–428
Zhang: Journal of Nanomaterials Vol. (2007), p. 6

Depending on the cation distribution over the different crystallographic sites, the spinel compounds can be generally classified into two categories: normal and inverse spinels [4].
Ge, Magnetic properties of low Mndoped NiCuZn nanocrystalline ferrites, J. of Alloys Comp. 470 (2009) 438442
Alloys Comp. 486 (2009) 640–644
Alloys Comp. 508 (2010) 226–232
Lee, Structure and Mossbauer studies of Cudoped NiZn ferrite, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 215216 (2000) 213216

In orthopedic applications, synthetic materials of metallic implants (stainless steel, titanium alloys, and cobalt-chromium-based alloys), polymers, and ceramic materials have been used to replace gold standard procedures [4].
A calcination technique was required to make ceramic powders for additional processing to achieve the ideal particle size and break down compounds in the form of salts or dehydrates into oxides.
Magnesium-based alloys used in orthopedic surgery, Materials. 15(3), (2022), 1148
Biodegradable Magnesium-Based alloys for bone repair applications: Prospects and challenges, Biomed Sci Instrum. 56(2), (2020), 292–304
European Polymer Journal, 148, (2021), 110360

The criterion to compare the methodical approaches for uncertainty analysis is the uncertain mechanical-electrical transmission behavior of the sensory rod, which defines the sensitivity of the sensory compound.
To estimate uncertainty distributions of the manufactured batch, it is necessary to develop powerful mathematical tools for an efficient computation, which is one of the major aims of the SFB 805.
Mayer, Interval analysis: theory and applications, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 121 (2000) 421-464
Platz, Nonparametric estimation of a maximum of quantiles, Electronic Journal of Statistics 8 (2014) 3176-3192
Ferenc, The random variability analysis of the mechanical properties of the selected aluminum alloys, Technical Transaction 3-B (2013) 3-18

However, as time progresses several researches were published utilizing Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs) and Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) which forms more complicated designs.
Smart materials which have Shape Memory Effect such as Shape Memory Alloys (SMA), Shape Memory Polymers (SMP), and Shape Memory Composites (SMC) are the major classifications of materials used in 4D printing.
It aims to have a property of both SMA and SMP or characteristics of the additives to be added.
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology; 2019;105:701–17
Four-dimensional direct laser writing of reconfigurable compound micromachines.

Journal of Catalysis. 2016;342:67-74
Journal of Energy Chemistry. 2020;41:120-5
Journal of Materials Science. 2013;48:4214-22
Journal of Power Sources. 2008;185:740-6
Turkish Journal of Chemistry. 2016;40:117-24

However, for concentrated alloys these factors are complicated functions of composition and atomic jump rates.
To be specific, B transport exceeds A transport by at least two orders of magnitude, even for alloys poor in B.
Manning, Correlation factors for diffusion in nondilute alloys, Phys.
Räisänen, Self-diffusion of 71Ge and 31Si in Si-Ge alloys, Z.
Lerch, Composition dependence of Si and Ge diffusion in relaxed Si1−xGex alloys, J.