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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Crack growth is intensely affected by residual stress how hardness and microstructure characteristics play the minor roles [1, 2, 4, 8, 20].
The FSW joint wascharacterized in terms of the residual stress, (using the hole drilling technique), material, and cyclic properties.
The simulation was conducted using linear elastic fracture mechanics based on Paris’ model, and the maximum tensile stress and displacement correlation methods were applied to calculate the crack direction and stress intensity factor, respectively.
PhD Thesis in Mechanical Engineering, The university of Sheffield: Sheffield (2005), p. 238 2.

The stirred zone (SZ) or nugget is the domain where the maximum temperature is reached and the plastic deformation is also the most intense; it is bordered by the thermomechanical affected zone (TMAZ) with relatively lower strain and temperature; furthermore there is the heat affected zone (HAZ) in-between TMAZ and BM.
Each zone has its own thermo-mechanical history which can be associated with grain refinement, dynamic recovery, dynamic recrystallization, precipitate dissolution and coarsening, etc. [2].
Generally, in this case, the average grain size was reduced from the BM to the SZ by approximately one order of magnitude on the Al side and by at least a factor of 3 on the Cu side.
Imad, Structure and mechanical properties of friction stirred beads 6082-T6 Al alloy and pure copper, Mater.

Furthermore, the same NafionÒ is expensive and is affected by some technical drawbacks, as the hydrogen crossover and poor stability at high temperature, so that new materials for membrane are investigated to lower the cost and improve the thermal and mechanical properties while maintaining the proton conductivity [29], as the hydrocarbon-based polymers [30], in particular, the cross-linked membrane type [31], or the radiation-grafted membranes [32]. 2.3 AEMs Anion-exchange membranes electrolysers have been drawing extensive academic and industrial attention as they do not employ rare and expensive metals for catalysts as well as expensive membranes with respect to PEMs [33], [34].
These two factors, dimension, and morphology, affect directly the thermo-mechanical stability of AEMs, as well as their efficiency, and they can be adjusted for different potential applications.
Nevertheless, an increasing AEM conductivity is generally associated with lower mechanical stability and higher water uptake in particular for thin membranes, thereafter, more research is needed in that sense [33], [35].
Wen, “Modification and properties characterization of heterogeneous anion-exchange membranes by electrodeposition of graphene oxide (GO),” Appl Surf Sci, vol. 442, pp. 700–710, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.02.166
Ion-Ebrasu et al., “Graphene inclusion effect on anion-exchange membranes properties for alkaline water electrolyzers,” Int J Hydrogen Energy, vol. 45, no. 35, pp. 17057–17066, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.04.195

Many influence factors are considered in B3 Model, such as the element size, ambient humidity, and the strength of the concrete and its material composition (type of cement, water-cement ratio, cement content, and aggregate-cement ratio) et al.
and are the correction factors for loading-age, ambient humidity, element size (volume-surface ratio), slump of concrete, fine aggregate and air content respectively.
From the above prediction models, it can be seen that the concrete creep is affected by numerous factors.
However, constrained by the various factors related to the loss of prestress and other complex cases, the current calculation methods can not precisely get the right answer in the actual project [6, 7].
The mechanical properties and deflection properties of new building materials have been studied widely, and many remarkable achievements have been carried out [8, 9].

The Length of Pile.The values of pile length relate to engineering geological properties of the soil and building requirements of the settlement, and the size of the required capacity of single pile etc. pile generally should be located on the soil that has higher bearing capacity, length-diameter ratio greater than 20, but should not exceed 80; Common length- diameter ratio is normally 40 to 60.
The Value of Enhancement Factor of Bearing Capacity of Natural Soil.
The size ofrelate to properties of the natural soil between piles, building requirements of the settlement, the size of area replacement ratio.
For small non-sand concrete pile, because the pile diameter affected by the engineering geological conditions and drilling equipment, the scope of common values of pile diameter changes in lesser extent, can be considered as a constant, in this case, the trends of,andis consistent.
For the factor of smear and disturbance: , the impact on the ground consolidation mainly related to the factors of construction, but no direct relationship with the size of the pile spacing.

The hydrolysis of cellulose can be influenced by various parameters such as type of acid used, acid concentration, temperature and reaction time; whereby varying these conditions may affect the physicochemical properties and crystallinity of the CNCs [17].
Youngblood, Cellulose nanomaterials review: Structure, properties and nanocomposites, Chem.
Sabapathi, Cellulose nanocrystals: Synthesis, functional properties, and applications, Nanotechnol.
Desobry, Structural, mechanical and barrier properties of active PLA-antioxidant films, J.
Velazquez, Cellulose-glycerol-polyvinyl alcohol composite films for food packaging: Evaluation of water adsorption, mechanical properties, light-barrier properties and transparency, Carbohydr.

Chosen for its excellent mechanical properties, essential for biomedical applications, stainless steel is naturally covered with a mixture of iron and chromium oxides, creating a surface layer which is brittle and mechanically unstable under stress [2].
Moreover, due to its exposure to the blood flow, corrosion has been a major issue as degradation of mechanical properties and release of carcinogenic and toxic metallic ions has been observed in implanted stainless steel devices [2, 3].
CFx deposition on SS316L has been investigated and previous results showed good adhesion properties and film stability over time.
Hence, this process did not seem to exhibit superior anti-corrosion properties and was not studied any further.
The properties of the PR-treated samples seemed optimal for stent applications.

The superpave gyratory compactor produces compacted cylindrical test samples of the asphalt paving-mix for determining volumetric and mechanical properties.
The precision of the compaction angle can be affected by many parameters.
The angle-adjustment mechanism is compelled to move along a circular orbit by the kinematic properties of the machine.
It helps engineers to study the dynamics of moving parts, and how loads and forces are distributed throughout mechanical systems.
The assembling accuracy of connecting points (A, G, F, and D) is another important factor which affects the movement accuracy of the mechanism.

Introduction Slump disaster is commonly mountain disaster, which usually cause heavy loss of life and property of human [1][2].
In particle flow models, a material constitutive property is simulated by the contact constitutive model [4,5].
The value of friction factor see table 1[8].
So the friction factor of undersurface of mound trough and sliding surface is set to 0.1, and the friction factor of surface of accumulation is set to 0.3.
The viscosity damp coefficient affect the translation velocity, rate of rotation of viscous particles and the impact force to the detection wall.

Introduction Alumina ceramics are widely used in machinery, electron, national defiance and other industries because they have high smelting point, great hardness and excellent mechanical wear- resisting property.
In order to obtain high density ceramic material, this research used homemade sub-micron aluminum powder as raw material, investigating the influence of sintering temperature and molding pressure on the properties of high density ceramic material.
During the process of sintering of ceramics, sintering temperature is a significant factor which affects sintering process and microstructure of sintered bodies.
Thus the property of materials will be the excellent.
When the sintering temperature is 1550 °C, the properties of samples are best, in which volume density is 3.71g/cm3.