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Efficient methods are recently introduced to modify the properties of 2D surface oxide films of liquid gallium and their alloys.
The mentioned factors can excite the electrons in the VB of Ga2O3 film to its CB.
Electronic Properties.
In conventional methods, the measurements of electronic properties of 2D films require the mechanical delamination of 2D films accompanied by following fabrication of conductive electrodes by high-vacuum technique.
In the present study, the c-AFM qualitative studies were employed to measure the electronic properties of 2D films.

Introduction In cold regions, freeze-thaw attack is one of the main factors which cause mechanical properties damage to concrete structure[1-4].
Table 2 Relationships between concrete compressive strength in MPa (C) and ultrasonic pulse velocity in km/s (V) Series Equation R2 E-0.47 C=0.0007*9.66V 0.94 E-0.59 C=0.057*3.72V 0.91 E-0.67 C=0.45*2.28V 0.92 E-0.47A C=0.002*7.98V 0.93 Results As discussed previously, a specimen’s compressive strength loss after freeze-thaw cycles becomes the main factor to determine whether the specimen fractures.
High-performance Concrete Durability Affected by Many Factors[J].

Fabricated samples by stir casting route were turned by the most variable factors, cutting speed, depth of cut and by a constant feed rate of 0.206 mm/rev.
This is due to additions of the reinforcement’s changes the property of base material.
The experimental trials are conducted at one factor at time at a feed of 0.206 mm/rev.
Effect of surface roughness on Cutting speed From the Fig. 2 and Table 3, it is observed that the surface finish was not significantly affected by depth of cut.
Hence built up edge formation is found to be the most important factor in the present study for deciding surface finish [2] and wear phenomenon.

In both the erosion and the cyclic oxidation tests it was found that the bond coat had a profound affect on the results.
This paper presents the first results concerning the mechanical characterizations of the sol-gel coatings obtained on substrates with different roughnesses.
It also appears as though the bond coat affects the erosion rate, since the sol-gel TBC on the aluminide bond coat is slightly lower that the TBC on the sprayed bond coat.
This means that the bonding of the TBC to the bond coat will play a significant role in the erosion resistance of the coating while the 'bulk' properties will have less of an effect.
This is similar to previous studies on EB PVD TBCs, where the erosion rate increased by a factor of two following aging for 100 h at 1100°C for a standard EB PVD TBC system[5].

The analysis of the crash behavior of extruded components is very complex, since local mechanical properties in the components are inhomogeneous as a consequence of the spatial distribution of microstructure which is influenced by numerous factors like material composition, temperature, tool design, friction, extrusion ratio and speed during the extrusion process.
For the optimization of the extrusion process with regard to all these factors numerical simulation can be an essential tool.
Based on results of finite element simulations of the extrusion process the microstructure in the extruded components can be predicted and then the resulting mechanical properties can be numerically determined instead of by costly trial and error methods.
Not only process parameters but also the microstructure and mechanical properties of extrudates depend strongly on friction effects.
For the water-cooled rods only the outer rim is affected, where for higher velocities there are larger (partially) recrystallized seams.

There are two goals of the technology: 1) to obtain the correct shape of the rings, 2) to achieve required properties.
The adopted model took into account the change of the relative density of the material, affecting the closing of internal defects in the form of voids.
Extremely important parameters affecting the penetration of the deformation into the forged element are, among others: the width of the tools and the relative feed (calculated as the ratio of the forgings shift after each given deformation and the distance between the tools at the moment of starting the deformation).
This type of mesh is used to solve the mechanical problem.
In the case of upsetting the Q factor reaches the value 1 (complete closure of the discontinuities) in the zone of the greatest deformation.

Every process step induces thermal residual deformation and stresses on the assembled components, which cause mechanical effects on the subsequent process step.
The warpage is directly related to the package coplanarity, which affects the assembly quality between the package and printed circuit board.
The stresses in package components are primary factor for the damage of package.
Material properties of package components are shown in Table 1, where E is Young's modulus, ν is Poisson ratio, gT is the glass transition temperature, and cβ is the chemical shrinkage, During mold curing, the chemical shrinkage of the molding compound occurs, so it is more realistic to consider both thermal shrinkage and chemical shrinkage.
The reason may be that the same material properties of molding compound are used in the model of PMC step.

ρ = density measured by (g/cm3). 0.13 = time and metric conversion factor.
Electrochemical mechanisms are another factor in the decline in corrosion rate.
Rafieia, Introducing a composite coating containing CNTs with good corrosion properties: characterization and simulation, RSC Advances ,Vol.6, Issue 110, 2016, pp. 108498–108512 [7] Caitlin Fisher, A.
Varadan, Mechanical properties of carbon nanotube/polymer composites, Scientific Reports volume 4, Article number: 6479, 2014, pp. 1-8 [14] J.
Windlea, Development of a dispersion process for carbon nanotubes in an epoxy matrix and the resulting electrical properties, Polymer 40 ,1999, pp.5967–5971

These ground movements may produce damage to buildings, roads, railway lines, or any other infrastructure in the surrounding areas affected by the subsidence.
Knothe time function A number of workers have considered the significance of time functions and the Knothe time function one of the most widely used time functions, proposed by Knothe [8], takes the following form (1) where t is the time, is the subsidence at a moment t; is the final subsidence at a given point and c is the factor of proportionality which is related to the physical and mechanical properties of the overburdened rock mass.
Considering wm as a constant and the initial Condition for w(t=0) as zero, we have (2) For purposes of further analysis, Eq. (2) will be described as a function of the independent variable t, thus we have (3) According to Knothe, the factor of proportionality, c; is a parameter describing the influence of geological and mining conditions on the deformation process in time.

Micro-sheet forming has been receiving much attention as the forming process for micro–metal components because of high production capability, minimized or zero material waste and excellent mechanical properties of the final products [1].
Thus, the ratio of feature size to minimum thickness becomes small in microscale products and significantly affects the deformation behavior in micro-sheet forming.
It is reported that the relative tool dimensions affect the material response and formability [7].
punch shoulder radius (rp), and die shoulder radius (rd) were changed as shown in Fig.3 to determine the relative effects of these factors on the deformation behavior and fracture prevention effects in microcomponents.
(2) The relative tool dimensions does not affect the compression effect by radial pressure.