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Fig.1: Ishikawa diagram summarizing factors affecting the LFC quality Fig. 2: Pattern dimensions in 3-D In this experiment silica sands with the grain sizes of #16-30, #40-60 and #60-100 were used for mould making.
Table1: Levels of the independent variables Independent Variables Symbol Levels -1 0 1 Pouring temperature A (°C) 700 720 740 Slurry viscosity B (Sec) 20 28 36 Vibration time C (Sec) 30 60 90 Sand grain size D (AFS) 30 60 90 Results and discussion The thinnest section was selected due to the reason that this section is the most difficult part to be filled.
It should be noted that based on the selected variables, the number of experiments was 16 (24) plus another four more trials which were considered as the centre points for each variables.

Furthermore, TiC is also an effective grain refiner since it acts as the nucleus of α- Al during the refinement of aluminum alloys [2].
In addition to its appeal from a basic science standpoint, the final motivation for the study is to explore the grain refinement mechanism of Al-Ti-C master alloys in the future.
Since the Ti-terminated and the C-terminated slabs contain the different number of Ti and C atoms, the following calculation are divided into two groups.

In order to identify modulus of viscosity were carried out 3 experiments for sample weight with the grain size composition from 80 to 100 microns.
Grain size composition was calculated by the equivalent size of particles in equation: , (4) where di is logarithmic mean of i faction size; xi is content ratio of i faction in mixture.
Sample number Humidity, [%] Normal stress in layer, [g/mm2] Shear stress in layer, [g/mm2] Modulus of viscosity Equivalent size of particles, [mm/um] 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 0 0.044 0.018 0.41 86/0.086 10 0.049 0.027 0.55 20 0.053 0.029 0.56 30 0.058 0.025 0.43 40 0.062 0.030 0.001 50 0.071 0.051 0.001 2 1 0.046 0.019 0.43 84/0.0084 10 0.050 0.028 0.56 20 0.055 0.030 0.55 30 0.060 0.027 0.05 40 0.064 0.029 0.001 50 0.069 0.039 0.001 3 0 0.044 0.017 0.55 87/0.087 10 0.048 0.026 0.82 20 0.053 0.028 0.95 30 0.057 0.024 0.06 40 0.062 0.031 0.001 50 0.066 0.049 0.001 Modulus of viscosity for ash microspheres was identified from 0 to 50% of humidity.

Industrial pure titanium plates are excellent in performance and easy to weld and braze, so they are used in a large number of aircraft and engine parts [1,2].
Fig. 6 Microstructure of different section of titanium sheets (a)GR1, (b)GR2, (c)TA1-1, (d)TA1-2 Compared with the cross-section micro-morphology of GR1, GR2 and TA1, the grain size of TA1 is smaller and the twin crystal is relatively more.
In GR1 and GR2, only a small amount of twins exist, and the crystal grains are large, which greatly improves the plasticity of the material.

Moreover, phase transition is also governed by grain boundary concentration, which can be expected to be increased with greater surface area materials.
When the specific surface area increasing, the grain boundary concentration would increases, and these considered to be the anatase nucleation sites for TiO2 powders [12].
A large number of nanotube structures with uniform diameters around 10 nm can be observed.

When the temperature reaches to 400 °C, a large number of highly dispersed hard phase Ni3P appeared and had the maximum hardness of 1200 HV.
Increasing the annealing temperature to 600 °C, a noticeable grain growth is observed and the microhardness of the coating decreases to 810 HV, which could be the coarsening of grain size leads to surface brittleness and enhances the probability of dislocation propagation.

Sometimes in order to increase the equiaxed grain zone, reducing the development of columnar grains, specific water, less than 0.7L/kg, is employed.
That is because Eq. (2) does not consider the influence of length of zone and nozzle row number.

The smaller sizes of crystalline grains of ZnO will promising in improving the stability and the nano-sized lateral the good sensing properties [8].
The decreasing resistivity was due to more thermal energy for electrons to absorb, and thus will increase the number of conduction electrons [17].
"Study of Structural and Electrical Properties of Grain-boundary Modified ZnO Films Prepared by Sol–gel Technique."

Dissimilar aluminium alloy materials were successfully friction stir welded with very good joint efficiencies by number of researchers.
Their results indicated that the recrystallized grains in the weld nugget zone (WNZ) of the joints exhibited the largest size in the middle part and the smallest size in the lower part.
Sato et al. [6] reported the formation of basin-shaped nugget on friction stir welding of AA6063-T5 plate and Mahoney et al. [7] reported elliptical nugget zone in the weld of AA7075-T651 and the metallographic studies showed that the grain size in the stir zone is much finer than that in the base metals [8].

This parameter depends mainly on the shape and grain size of the grout and its viscosity.
Due to the fact that some components of the mixture of ingredients were very fine-grained and visually had a certain tendency to pack, a third set of recipes was also created, in which the ingredients were dosed into the homogenizer individually.
If the ingredients were homogenized in advance, a certain number of bales probably formed, which did not mix sufficiently with the rest of the raw materials when mixed in the homogenizer.