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In addition, few factors that assist to improve productivity of ductile machining of brittle material have been discussed.
Besides the material properties, the tool sharpness in ultra precision diamond machining is very important for ductile mode machining[11,12].
It is noted that the brittle to ductile transition is affected by cutting edge radii.
High frequency vibration with small amplitude on the cutting tool affects the tool-workpiece and tool-chip interfaces.
Diffusion wear will be predominant and it will affect the rake face when cutting tool undergoes such conditions.

In heat transfer characteristic, the transport properties of the heat transfer fluids such as thermal conductivity, heat transfer coefficient, viscosity, etc. determine the performance of the base fluids [2].
However, those sizes are considered ‘big enough’ for sedimentation to occur, which affect the flow properties of the fluid and not practical for heat transfer applications [3].
Nanofluids consist of a stable suspension containing either metallic or non-metallic compound, which can change the transport and thermal properties of the base fluid [1].
The preparation of nanofluids has been quite challenging since many factors need to be considered, including the particle size and shape, temperature of the fluid, clustering of the particles, dissociation of the surfactant, etc. [5].
However, the agglomeration of the particles affect the stability of the suspension.

Introduction Silicon carbide particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites (SiCp/Al) possess many outstanding properties such as high specific stiffness, high wear resistance, low density, high thermal conductivity, low thermal expansion, low fabrication cost, easy shaping etc., which make them find increasing application in automobile, aerospace, electronics and medical industries [1,2].
It is noticed that the surface generation of SiCp/Al composites was greatly affected by the removal process of SiC particle.
Material swelling and tool-workpiece relative vibration are also the important factors that affect surface generation of SiCp/Al composites.
As shown in Figs.4(a) and (b), when machining the matrix material, the value of surface roughness Rmax in practice cutting is far bigger than of ideal surface roughness, which attributes to the tool-workpiece relative vibration that induced by all kinds of factors.
Due to the nonuniform and anisotropic nature of SiCp/Al composites and the inherent defects in the material, the mechanical performance of its different part varies significantly in the micro level.

Efficient methods are recently introduced to modify the properties of 2D surface oxide films of liquid gallium and their alloys.
The mentioned factors can excite the electrons in the VB of Ga2O3 film to its CB.
Electronic Properties.
In conventional methods, the measurements of electronic properties of 2D films require the mechanical delamination of 2D films accompanied by following fabrication of conductive electrodes by high-vacuum technique.
In the present study, the c-AFM qualitative studies were employed to measure the electronic properties of 2D films.

Because of these and other outstanding material properties, diamond potentially enables the development of high-voltage and high frequency electronic devices with superior performance.
The high field electrical transport properties, in particular the breakdown field strength, ultimately determine the upper voltage limit for high voltage devices.
Similarly, the high-field transport properties determine the upper cut-off frequency in high-frequency field effect transistors.
Introduction The material properties of silicon impose constraints on silicon power devices with regard to voltage withstand and switching capability.
(iii) Defects severely affect the breakdown characteristics of devices.

With regard to the crankshafts of different materials, we can modify the size of the material properties parameters to calculate the stress value of each node, which are in the macro file efr_run.
The entire model is meshed into a total of 158,331 elements after the 3D model is imported into ANSYS for meshing and defined the cell types and material properties.
Then the three macro files cal_crank.mac, efr_run.mac and plot.mac are called to complete the crankshaft strength analysis process, and the stress state and safety factors of each node are got.
By analyzing the stress value and the safety factors of all output nodes, the positions of the connecting rod journal fillet and the main journal transition fillet, as well as the vicinity of connecting rod journal oil hole exist higher level stress.
[3] Meng Zhang: CATIA for Mechanical Structure Design (Mechanical Industry Press, China 2006).

Balasubramanian2,b, 1, 2, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, Tamil Nadu, INDIA anaik@nitt.edu, bkrbala@nitt.edu Keywords: AISI 316L Austenitic stainless steel, GTAW, Bead Profile, Taguchi technique, Grey relational analysis.
This is because the weld pool geometry plays an important role in determining the mechanical properties of the weld.
Figure 2: S/N ratio plot for the overall Grey relational grade Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) The purpose of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) is to investigate which welding parameters significantly affect the performance characteristic.
The estimated Grey relational grade g0 using the optimal level of the design parameters can be calculated as: g0 = gm (6) where γm is the total mean Grey relational grade, γi is the mean Grey relational grade at the optimal level, and n is the number of the main design parameters that affect the quality characteristics.
Table 6: Results of confirmation test Initial factor setting Optimal process condition Prediction Experimental Factor level F1I1S1 F2I1S3 F2I1S3 BW 3.2 2.5 BH 0.3 0.1 DP 0.7 0.7 Overall grey relational grade 0.573 0.724 0.736 S/N ratio of overall Grey relational grade -4.837 -2.805 -2.657 Conclusions Taguchi method is a very effective tool for process optimization under limited number of experimental runs.

The sequence of the possible virtual deformed shapes of the damaged structure can be obtained through a static analysis, in which qext is scaled by a factor λ in order to match the imposed value ηy(B).
Table 1: geometrical and mechanical properties of the analyzed beams Static analyses of the sound and damaged beams, performed by dividing every L-long span in 10 segments, lead to the q-ϕΒ curves depicted in Fig 2.a.
The factor Fd (≤ 1) is scale dependent [2] and takes into account the effects of dynamics and finite ductility, which are generally neglected in the limit analyses of beams.
In the considered beams, Fd(bI) = 0.907 and Fd(bII) = 0.916, therefore the distribution of reinforcement only affects RSRSTAT.
In the case of RC beams, the distribution of steel reinforcing bars mainly affects the static - perfectly plastic contribution, and the usage of symmetric reinforcement at upper and bottom layers improves robustness.

It may greatly affect the disaster relief work once the bridges are damaged under the debris flow[1].
Since the mechanical behavior of debris flow impact is similar to that of ship colliding pier, nowadays the method of calculating debris flow impact mainly refers to the calculation of ship collision force [5].
On the issue of debris flow impacting in the bridge pier, there are many factors that affect the degree of damage of bridge pier under the impact loads, in addition to structure characteristics of bridge pier.
[6] ShenShouchang: Debris flow experimental study of rheological properties.
（JTJ D60-2004）[S] [15] LuoQizhi, Huang Zhibin: Mechanical Model and Lateral Transient Responses of Bridge Piers in Collision with Ship.

The relevant researches show that without fine lubrication and fine cooling system (including drum cooling and die cooling), when drawing speed continues to rise after reaching a certain high, value the mechanical properties of the steel wire would be significantly affected.
Fig. 2 Die structure The correctness of the core hole design is an important factor to determine the drawing quality.
Metal lattice is distorted severely, leading to the decrease of the mechanical properties of the steel wire.
It also affects the service life of die and drawing force.
Temperature directly affects the state of lubrication.