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Experiment condition and materials The main instruments are followed as: the lapping machine of Nanopoli-100 which has the cross slot iron grinding pan of Φ380 mm, the contact roughness tester of Mahr S2 made in Germany, the balance with 0.1mg produced by Shimazu.
References [1] Grzegory I.: High nitrogen pressure growth of GaN crystals and their applications for epitaxy of GaN based structures, Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, (2001), pp.30-34
[3] C.G.Liang,Y.Zhang: The Dawning of The Third Generation Semiconductor-GaN, Journal of Semiconductor, Vol.2 (2000), pp.89-99
[4] Chol K.S., John S.T.: Optimum machining of optical crystals,Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol.4 (2003), pp.68-72
Journal of Surface Science, (2000), pp.118-130.

[3] Li Min Shi, Yu Quan Chen, Er Liang Liu, The Analysis on Movement of the Charged Particles in a Magnetic-Electrochemical Compound Polishing , Key Engineering Materials,2008,8(375):6~11
International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 1997,37(4)
Journal of Materials Processing Techology,2002, (129):310-314
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1999, (95):191~200
Journal of Harbin University of Science and Technology,2007,12(6):113~116, in Chinese.

A reasonable blank size can save raw material and reduce the wear of mould[1].
It has the characteristic of geometry nonlinear, material nonlinear and contact condition nonlinear[2].
Acknowledgements This work has been supported by the Science and Technology Research Project of Guangzhou (2004Z3-D0101), Industrial Research Programs of Guangdong Province (2004A11403002).
References [1] Xu Feng, Lin Zhongqin, Li Shuhui and Chen Guanlong: submitted to Journal of Metal Forming Technology (2003) [2] Ma Xiaoxia: submitted to Journal of Die and Mould Technology (2005) [3] Li Shuhui, Xu Feng, Lin Zhongqin, Zhang Wei and Bao Wenhua: submitted to Journal of Automobile Technology (2004) [4] Wang Li, Yang Yi and Luo Peng: submitted to Journal of China Metalforming Equipment & Manufacturing Technology (2004) [5] Tang Bingtao, Zhao Zhen, Chen Jun and Ruan Xueyu: submitted to Journal of Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering (2007) [6] Yan Yakun, Zhuang Weimin and Na Jingxin: submitted to Journal of Plasticity Engineering (2006) [7] Lee .C.H and Huh .H: submitted to Journal of Material Processing Technology (1998) [8] Majlessi .S and A.Lee: submitted to Journal of Materials Shaping Technology (1988) [9] Tang Bingtao, Zhao Zhen, Chen Jun, Dong Xianghuai and Ruan Xueyu: submitted to Journal of Chinese Journal of
Mechanical Engineering (2006) [10] Lu Shanbin, Li Wei, Na Jingxin, Hu Ping and Xiao Jing: submitted to Journal of Jilin University of Technology (Natural Science Edition) (2004)

Thus, these heavy metals are introduced naturally through the modification of parent materials, and result from various anthropogenic activities, such as mining and smelting.
Materials and methods 2.1 Study area The study area is the gold site of the locality of Komabangou in Niger (14°01′41″ and 14°07′56″ North latitude and 01° 02′12″ and 01°10′00″ East longitude).
Badjo, « Contents of metallic trace elements and pollution parameters in the soils of the Komabangou gold mining area in Niger », Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, p. 15, 2022
Eren, « Removal of copper ions by modified Unye clay, Turkey », Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 159, no 2‑3, p. 235‑244, 2008
Varlikli et al., « Adsorption of dyes on Sahara desert sand », Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 170, no 1, p. 27‑34, 2009

Introduction Actually there is an unprecedented development in size and number of plastic materials, with wide applications [1].
A way to protect these combustible materials against fire is the addition of flame retardants (FR).
Flame retardants are chemicals added to polymeric materials, both natural and synthetic, to reduce their flammability, which makes them more valuable [2].
MpolyP belongs to a class of materials known as char forming or intumescent FR’s [5].
Van Krevelen: Journal of Applied Polymer Science Vol. 31 (1977), p. 269

The main processing object is the nonlinear optical material, KDP crystal [16].
The material properties are indicated in Table 1.
Table 1 Material properties Part Material Density (t/mm3) Elastic modulus (MPa) Poisson's ratio spindle, tool steel 7.8× 10-9 2.1× 105 0.3 bed, guide, table marble 2.6× 10-9 0.55× 105 0.27 Considering the micro vibration amplitude, material nonlinearity can be neglected for the small deformation.
Zhang: Optics and Precision Engineering, Vol.15 (2007), p. 356 [10] Amickh: Journal of the Institute of Environmental Sciences, Vol.40 (1997), p. 35 [11] C.G.
Lu: Experimental Modal Analysis and Application (China Science Press, Beijing 2001) [19] DE Nuland.

The joining of dissimilar materials is of great importance in industry.
In this study, stainless-steel and aluminum materials which is the example material was used in the friction welding experiments.
In the experiments, AISI 304 austenitic-stainless steel and aluminum materials were used.
[6] Sluzalec, A.: Thermal Effects in Friction Welding, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences (1990), p.467- 478
[10] Sahin, M., Joining of stainless-steel and aluminium materials by friction welding, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Volume 41, Issue 5, 2009, p. 487-497.

Introduction Drying is a process with material moisture evaporating by thermal action, this process is often associated with material physical and chemical properties changes[1].
Materials and Methods Materials.
Ahrné: Journal of Food Engineering.
Ahmad: Journal of Food Engineering.
Del Nobile: Journal of Dairy Science.

In 3DP, parts are built upon a platform situated in a bin full of powder material.
Verma, “Investigations for reducing wall thickness of aluminium shell casting using three dimensional printing,” Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Vol. 31, No.2, 2008, pp. 565-569
Singh, “Investigations for statistically controlled rapid casting solution of lead alloys using three dimensional printing,” Journal of Mechanical Engineering Sciences (Proc. of IMechE Part C), Vol. 223, No.
Singh, “Comparison of rapid casting solutions for lead and brass alloys using three dimensional printing,” Journal of Mechanical Engineering Sciences (Proc. of IMechE Part C), Vol. 223, No.
Singh, “Experimental investigations for reducing wall thickness in zinc shell casting using three dimensional printing,” Proc. of IMechE Part C, Journal of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, Vol. 222, No.C12, 2008, pp. 2427-2431

Dahle, Microstructure Formation in AlSi4MgMn and AlMg5Si2Mn High-Pressure Die Castings, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 40A (2009) 1645-1659
Wang, Elevated temperature mechanical properties and microstructures of high pressure die cast magnesium AZ91 alloy cast with different section thicknesses, Materials Science and Engineering A. 523 (2009) 282-288
Jordon, Fatigue crack growth mechanisms in high-pressure die-cast magnesium alloys, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 39A (2008) 190-205
Momchilov, Influence of some technological parameters of counter pressure casting on the structural homogeneity and mechanical characteristics of aluminum alloy castings, Journal of Materials Science and Technology. 2 (1994) 3-12
[9] S.M.Xiong, X.L.Liu, Microstructure, Composition, and Depth Analysis of Surface Films Formed on Molten AZ91D Alloy under Protection of SF6 Mixtures, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 38A (2007) 428-434.