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Level of Comfort: Artificial and Natural Shoe Materials.
This problem is especially acute in relation with the depletion and shortage of natural raw materials including natural and synthetic fibers and fibrous materials being traditional raw materials for light industry.
On the other hand, the advances in science and technology make contribution to the emergence of alternative materials: artificial and synthetic leathers and fibers being ready available and cheaper, as well as nanofibers and polymers further expanding the assortment of materials.
Hygienic properties of these materials were determined by standard methods of testing of shoe materials [8, 9].
[2] Directive 94/11/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 March 1994 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to labelling of the materials used in the main components of footwear for sale to the consumer, Official Journal of the European Union, 19.04.1994, L. 37-41

Electric spark of alloying – ESA – from the standpoint of materialogy, a new stage in the development of the materials science, is a method of surface hardening that refers to technologies meeting the new development vector of the materials science, including its most important sections – surface materialogy.
The study of the surface in modern materials science becomes increasingly distinct in a separate section of the surface materialogy.
At the same time, unlike materials science, non-traditional raw materials and technologies can be used to obtain new materials in the materialogy of the surface, taking into account the entropy-ecological factor [2, 3].
The ESA method corresponds to the new vector of the materials science development, its most important section – surface materials, which includes subsections on the study and improvement of the properties of the products executive surfaces, which requires further studies. 2.
Egorov, Electrode materials for electrospark doping, M .: Science, 1988, 224 p

It has a wide application prospect in analysis and researches of materials.
Materials for terahertz science and technology [J].
Journal of Hunan University of Science ＆ Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2012, 1: 107-111
Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 2012, 43(6): 2198-2201
Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 2012, 43(8): 3080 -3084.

Generally, in simulating electrical discharge machining, macro as well as micro process, the melting of materials is considered as the basic material removal process and the material removal rate is calculated by considering the part of the work piece material which is above the melting point [4].
B3 B2 Rpc r B1 Fig.1 Axi-symmetric process continuum Assumptions · Work piece and tool materials are homogeneous and isotropic in nature
So the complete removal of materials having the temperature above the melting point is not possible.
DeVor , Vijay Surla, An Investigation of Magnetic- Field-Assisted Material Removal in Micro-EDM for Nonmagnetic Materials, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering ,april 2011 Vol. 133 / 021002-(1-9)
Research, (2009)76-78 [3] Yanzhen Zhang, Yonghong Liu, Yang Shen, Renjie Ji, Zhen Li, Chao Zheng, Investigation on the influence of the dielectrics on the material removal characteristics of EDM, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 214 (2014) 1052– 1061

In recent years this technology has reached the field of phase change materials in order to improve their behavior.
The manufacture of microencapsulated phase change materials suitable for the design of thermally enhanced fabrics.
Journal of Colloid Science 1965;20:267–77
Natural convection heat transfer in an enclosure with suspensions of microencapsulated phase change materials.
Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 1996;33:278-84

There are some studies of nondestructive testing in wood or other solid materials based on stress wave technology.
There are some wave transmitting models and their application studies about wave propagation in the isotropy or anisotropy materials, such as the symmetrical guide wave propagation in holes[6], the SH wave propagation in anisotropy elastic solid[7], the free vibration wave propagation in wooden poles[9], ultrasonic wave application in the wood testing[8,10].
Acknowledgements This work was supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60903144) and Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No.Y1090766).
[3] Ross R J ,Yang V, et al, "Relationship between Stress Wave Transmission Time and Bending Strength of Deteriorated Oriented Strandboard", Forest Products Journal, vol 53, 2003, p.33-35
[4] Lee J, Kim K, Bae M, "Patterns of Resistographs for Evaluating Deteriorated Structural Wood Members", Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, vol 31, 2003, p. 45-54

According to the respective limitation and characteristic of gel fire prevention materials and foam fire prevention materials, a new thinking of foamed gel coal fire prevention materials is put forward creatively.
For large coal fire zones, the new fire prevention materials (Foamed Gel) have a broad application prospect.
New fire prevention materials are developed by collages and institutes, and the foamed gel is the most representative.
Summary The foamed gel fire prevention materials that fully combined the advantages of foam fire prevention materials and gel fire prevention materials have the characteristic of strong stability, prefect fire performance and excellent sealing performance.
[8] SCHRAMM L L, KU TA Y S M, MIKULA R J, “The morphology of non-equilibrium foam and gelled foam lamellae in porous media,” Journal of Pet ro-leum Science & Engineering, 1999, 23 (2), 1172132

This journal describes a study on the structural effects of DI diesel engine conventional piston and modified pistons.
Casted aluminium alloy is used as a material for these conventional and modified pistons.
Journal. 27, (2009)
Subba Reddy, C.Eswara Reddy, Hemachadra reddy, Effect of Tangential grooves on piston crown of D.I. diesel engine with blends of cotton seed oil Methyl Easter, International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences. 13 (2012) 150-159
[8] Ch.Venkata Rajam, P.V.K.Murthy, M.V.S.Murali Krishna, G.M.Prasada Rao, Design Analysis and Optimization of Piston using CATIA and ANSYS, International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering & Science. 1 (2013).

In order to study the influence of material model on the results of simulations, three material models were considered: - idealized elastoplastic material model without hardening, - bilinear material model with hardening defined by tangential modulus, - material model based on nonlinear relation between stress and strain.
Although the curves for elastoplastic and bilinear materials are practically identical, they differ markedly from those related to a multilinear material.
Acknowledgement The support of the Scientific Grant Agency of Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic and Slovak Academy of Sciences under grant VEGA 1/0090/12 is greatly appreciated.
Ďuricová, Computational modeling of geometric imperfections and buckling strength of cold-formed steel, Journal of Constructional Steel Research 78 (2012) 1–7
Rasmussen, Full-range stress–strain curves for stainless steel alloys, Journal of Constructional Steel Research 59 (2003) 47–61.

Lab., Sichuan University,Chengdu 610065,China; 2 Key Lab for Biomechanics ＆ Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education,School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Beihang University,Beijing,100191,China） alylzx18@163.com, bscubme@yahoo.com.cn Keywords: shaping amplitude; titanium implant; material strength; plastic deformation Abstract.
However, according to the relationship between the plastic deformation and elastic modulus of metallic materials, if the material properties of titanium and its alloys, aluminum, steel and other metal materials are same, as well as the elastic modulus decreases with plastic deformation, the stress in the shaping area is reduced.
Study on biomechanical properties of nanostructured titanium[J].Journal of Medical Biomechanics, 2007 22（3）:P282-286.
Journal of Mater Processing Technology, 1996, 57 (1-2):48-54
International Journal of Plasticity, 2002, 18 (5-6) :63-65