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Online since: February 2018
Authors: Dalibor Kocáb, Petr Pőssl, Libor Topolář, Barbara Kucharczyková, Michaela Hoduláková
Descriptive numbers (parameters) can be attributed to every emission event.
The basic means of description is the number of emission events per a period of time.
It is assumed that the number of AE events corresponds to the number of microcracks that form inside of the material but no knowledge is available as to their orientation.
Fig. 3 shows the number of AE events recorded during the Ec test.
A smaller number of events and by extension microcracks is probably indicative of less solid bonds in the material’s matrix.
Online since: March 2014
Authors: Eberhard Kerscher, Daniel Spriestersbach, Patrick Grad
This crack initiation is typical for the VHCF regime and is linked to a crack initiation mechanism which forms a fine grained area (so called FGA) that occurs at inclusions at which the stress intensity factors are below the threshold value of long cracks [1].
Consequently different threshold values of stress intensity factors can be derived regarding a failure at numbers of cycles lower than the ultimate number of cycles of 109.
This process takes more number of cycles for the crack initiation than in the case of TiN inclusions.
Restressed runout specimens failing from TiN inclusions lead to a number of cycles to failure in the regime of the ultimate number of cycles.
These different crack initiation mechanisms result in different threshold values of stress intensity factors for the different inclusions types if a failure at numbers of cycles lower than the ultimate number of cycles of 109 is considered.
Online since: April 2013
Authors: Luís M.O. Sousa, Alcino S. Oliveira, Irene M.C. Alves
It is defined as the sum of the number of discontinuities per meter in perpendicular direction for each joint set: (1) where N is the number of discontinuities and L is the length of the scan-line in a perpendicular direction for each joint set present (1, 2, 3, …).
Dn is estimated by counting the number of surfaces of natural rock blocks.
It is medium grained, with two micas (muscovite > biotite) and presents a high degree of weathering, with a characteristic yellowish brown colour that can be extremely variable (Fig. 2).
Fig. 4 - Distributions of the mean joint spacing (S) and median joint spacing (Smed) of the studied places (number of data: 30).
A large number of the exploitation places do not have the minimum conditions for extracting large blocks.
Online since: July 2003
Authors: Chunsheng E, Wei Dou Ni, Dong Xiang Jiang
There are several methods of measuring the fractal dimension which include changing coarse graining level, such as selfresemble dimension, Hausdorff dimension, box-counting dimension, correlation dimension, information dimension and so on.
Then, counts the numbers of units (smallest squares) in the grid that have intersect with the orbit.
The number is stored in a variable namely )(mN .
The shaft centre orbit In SGA, it is key to count accurately the number of the units that intersect with the orbit.
Finally, the sum of all elements in the matrix is the number of units that have intersections with the orbit.
Online since: December 2012
Authors: Hong Yu, Xiao Lei Huang, Zhi Ling Wei, Chen Xia Yang
Alternative classification techniques consider only structure of the XML document. [5,6] treat XML documents as labeled trees, and the measurement of similarity between two XML documents is produced by computing the edit distances between two trees. [7] introduce a structure graph to measure similarity, whose similarity measure is loose-grained.
Next, if the frequency of occurrence for keyword k in element node j is , then the weighted frequency for keyword k is computed as Eq. 2; Finally, according to Eq. 1 and Eq. 2, the total weight of textual keyword k in document d can be computed as Eq. 3: (2)      (3) where, n is the number of leaf element nodes containing keyword k in document d,N is the number of documents in document set, nk is the number of document containing the keyword k.
(2) The number of categories is only two.
For a given category, recall is the ratio of the number of correctly classified documents in the category to the total number of documents from this category.
Precision is the ratio of the number of correctly classified retrieved in the category to the total number of documents assigned to this category.
Online since: September 2012
Authors: Ding Wang Gong, Zhen Bo Liu, Chang Qing Zhang, Chen Liang, Hua Wei Huang
Most monomers employed, however, can rarely enter into wood cell wall to react with hydroxyl groups and just polymerize in wood cell lumen without grafting with wood matrix, which results in weak chemical combination between the two phases and large numbers of hydroxyl groups still available.
The end grain of sample was cut with a surgical blade and the sample was mounted on sample holder with a double-sided adhesive tape, gold sputter-coated.
Figure 2 also shows that the peak of the modified wood at 1733cm-1 for carbonyl stretching vibration is enhanced as compared to the corresponding untreated wood, indicating the number increasing of carbonyl groups in wood components.
According to the reaction mechanism, it is reasonably believed that the increasing numbers of carbonyl groups should be attributed to the reaction of wood components with GMA/EGDMA.
Online since: October 2012
Authors: Jian Han, Dan Luo
The round bamboo,treated with ACQ-B,was cut into the circle test-pieces, and Tab.1 Orthogonal test plan Test number Factors Concentration of ACQ-B (%) Forcing time (h) Temperature of ACQ-B (℃) Pressure (MPa) 1# 0.4 15 25 0.08 2# 0.4 10 45 0.16 3# 0.4 15 65 0.24 4# 1.0 5 45 0.24 5# 1.0 10 65 0.08 6# 1.0 15 25 0.16 7# 1.6 5 65 0.16 8# 1.6 10 25 0.24 9# 1.6 15 45 0.08 the experiment was processed on GBT 18261-2000.
The weight gain rates of the bamboo test-pieces treated with ACQ-B, corresponding each test number, were given in Tab.2.
Tab.2 Mean weight gain rates of bamboo test-pieces treated Test number 1# 2# 3# 4# 5# 6# 7# 8# 9# Weight gain rate (%) 25.6 54.0 73.3 55.7 51.4 63.9 47.0 60.9 52.5 It is seen in Tab.2 that the mean weight gain rates of the bamboo test-pieces are 3#﹥6#﹥8#﹥4#﹥2#﹥9#﹥5#﹥7#﹥1#.
Conclutions In bamboo test-pieces, the mean weight grain ratio of 3# is largest, 1# is least,others are between they two.
Online since: December 2014
Authors: Svetlana Radchenko, Dušan Mitaľ, Peter Michalik, Jaroslav Vybostek, Jozef Zivčak, Andrej Czan, Dana Stanceková
Steel S 235 (Fig. 1) is fine grained steel, quality structural steel, statically and dynamically loaded, where in standard is enshrined chemical composition and mechanical properties.
D (A) Selected parameters of the experiment (Tab. 2) Tab. 2 Parameters of the experiment Number of sample Electrode type Diameter Welding current 1.
Tab. 3Measured values of hardness Sample number Z.M.
[HV1] 1. 180,4 214,1 179,3 2. 197,6 223,5 206,1 3. 196,0 218,9 222,7 4. 183,4 185,7 192,5 5. 191,6 210,2 193,2 6. 173,8 216,4 179,2 In the fact of this measuring of hardness and non destructive testing and metallographic section can be stated, that the best quality have weld number 4, where was not detected any defect root was welded and is without pores, bubbles or cranks.
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Rodica Vladoiu, Aurelia Mandes, Victor Ciupina, Mirela Contulov, Vilma Buršíková
Introduction Amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H) is a technologically very interesting material with a number of potential industrial applications, including razor blades, automotive components, critical engine parts, mechanical face seals, scratch - resistant glasses and micro-electromechanical systems [1]-[3].
The gas is fed in to the deposition chamber through this tube, uniformly dispersed by the holes between the grains of sintered powder, which acts as a sieve.
Magnetic field is used to confine electrons in the plasma and by doing so to increase the number of ionizing collisions between electrons and neutral atoms in the plasma.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNDI– UEFISCDI, project number 160/2012, PN-II-PT-PCCA-2011-3.2-1453 References [1] S.
Online since: January 2013
Authors: Zbigniew L. Kowalewski, Tadeusz Szymczak
Microscopic observations of the material exhibited the same structure of the steel in both perpendicular directions (longitudinal and transversal), i.e. ferrite with carbides arranged on borders and inside grains.
Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 denote magnitudes of cyclic strain amplitude: ±0.1%, ±0.2%, ±0.4% and ±0.8%, respectively.
An interesting feature can be observed when hysteresis loops of the same number at each block of cycles are compared, Figs. 3, 4.
(c) Differences in the shape and dimensions of hysteresis loops determined under the same strain amplitude of symmetric and asymmetric step-increasing torsion cycles were vanished with an increase of the shear strain amplitude and number of cycles as well.
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