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While the early proponents were mainly on the ground of biofuels’ potential to reduce dependence on foreign oil, meet carbon reduction commitments and boost domestic agriculture [2], the opponents alarmed that producing biofuels would threaten biodiversity and food security by stimulating land use conversion, as well as lead to serious impacts on environment [3].
Then the second step allocated remaining land to different biofuel crops, including short rotation coppice (SRC), short rotation forestry (SRF) and perennial grasses (PG), in accordance with the criteria of land conversion goals that can be ranked priorities (e.g. energy crop production, erosion prevention, biodiversity conservation, flooding and peak floods reduction), and the values of land capability for biofuel crops.
Even some strong proponents like Tilman et al. can only claim that a substantial portion of energy demand for transportation in the future could be met with the application of new generation biofuels from the suitable sources, plus large reductions in fuel demand and large increases in both food and biomass productivity on existing farmland [7].
If import countries just follow that without other actions, then simply given that data collected in this paper, a considerable amount of oil palm grown in Indonesia could not find their way out, accompanied by large-scale unemployment and farmers’ hardship.

This reduction in the number of modes needs to be carefully considered when there are strong interactions between modes [6]–[9], because in the case of surface roughness, high-energy modes may affect the transmission at low energies.
The transconductance of Near ballistic with Surface Roughness Scattering SiNW MOSFET device is degrading severely as the gate voltage increases due to the considerable reduction of the mobility along the channel.
Surface Roughness Scattering and Carrier scattering cause reduction of device current.
An Excellent agreement between the modelled and TCAD simulated data was achieved for all the device parameters, so Our proposed approach is appropriate for the modeling of Near Ballistic SiNW MOSFET in the presence of Surface Roughness Scattering.

The data for the year 2010, produced 41.408 million Mg of waste, of which 75.8% came from coal mining.
This report has identified a phenomenon whose presence contributes significantly to the quality of life for humans and animals on the planet [8]: · substantial reduction in areas suitable for cultivation and transform them into a desert, · substantial reduction of forested areas, · the phenomenon of global warming which is caused by emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, · creation of the ozone hole in the atmosphere surrounding the Earth, due to the emission of industrial gases, · pollution of surface and groundwater.
A reduction in the amount of waste landfilled is one of the objectives of the National Environmental Policy, · The social dimension - reducing the number of landfills contributes significantly improve the quality of life for the closest social environment.

Considering the reduction of the sludge generated by the co-precipitation of waste water and reutilization of the ferrihydrite absorbent, Edwards and Benjamin [11] coated quartz sand with in-situ formed ferrihydrite via both alkali precipitation and heating evaporation of iron nitrate solutions.
Under optimized pH conditions, the removal of As (III) by the iron sulfide coated sand was four times that of the FeS nanoparticles (data based on the absorption per gram FeS).
In addition, partial oxidation of the iron ions in the coated iron sulfide and the reduction of the natural iron oxide coating might have occurred.
The cheap support of river sand benefits cost reduction and makes possible water purification applications of RGO-based composites.

Due to high material strength of the steel grades, a reduction in sheet thickness of the produced components is possible.
This results in a weight reduction of the component with remaining or increasing strength [2].
The overall purpose of this research is the reduction of wear on the tool surface.
The measurement device receives 500 data points for the calculation.

Therefore, in absence of more accurate data, its material properties have been estimated as those for an AISI-304 steel cold formed up to 75% of its ultimate stress.
As can be seen, a fatigue life reduction is observed for any deviation around the nominal angle.
This reduction is around 20% when the countersunk angle remains within its tolerance range (see shaded area in Fig. 4).
Fatigue life reductions up to 20% have been estimated when the countersunk angle is within its tolerance range (130º ± 0,5º). 4.

This is to be expected due to reduction of calcium content in the concrete mix.Truly, higher setting time can be beneficial for mass concrete operations to ensure sufficient time to complete casting before allowing them for setting.
Setting Time Fig. 4: Effect of fly ash content on concreteworkability and setting time Compressive strength Data obtained for the compressive strength of the test specimensare outlined in the Fig.5.
It has been found that with the increase in the ash content, a reduction in strength development occurredat all ages of curing.
The reduction in residual strength was, however, more prominent in concrete exposed to temperature higher than 600oC. 0% Fly ash 40% Fly ash 50% Fly ash 60% Fly ash Fig.8: Surface conditions of concrete specimens after exposure to 800oC Fig. 9: Residual compressive strength and relative strength loss of concrete exposed to 800oC Summary In this study the potential benefits of the use of high volume fly ash in terms of energy efficiency in building construction are highlighted.

However, on the overall, the value 33 ppm from about 324 sampled data, was dominating other concentrations by about 16.3 %.
The declining pattern between 20:00 and 22:00, showed the reduction in the burning activities with time while 22:00 marked the end of the large emitters of CO such as the cooking stoves leaving other emitters such as candle lights and kerosene lanterns.
This showed a gentle reduction between 20:00 and 22:00, while the rise to between 23:00 and 24:00 was a sudden steep pattern that may be linked to the molecular diffusive properties of CO in smoke.
However, regardless of the temporal pattern (daily or hourly) of the observations for the different days, it is certain that the released pollutants first undergo a reduction after the first few hours into the night time and thereafter increases due to accumulation towards the midnight.

., t/R = 0.024 instead of 0.033, is considered as an alternative model for the density reduction.
The comparison between the theoretical predictions based on the two models for the density reduction shows that the two predictions are very close, particularly for strains larger than 0.15, so that the second model for the reduction of the relative density is used further.
Reasonable agreement between the analytical and numerical predictions and the available experimental data is observed, but a further study of wider range of the MHS material specifications is necessary in order to verify a more general validity of the proposed material model.

The average error was negative during the main part of the punch stroke in all five repetitions due toinsufficient material draw-in, and thus the feedback controller prescribed a reduction of the BHF, which is observed from Fig. 4(b).
Discussion From the two experiment scenarios where disturbances were prescribed to the BHF baseline w(k) only minor reductions were observed in the actual BHF delivered by the hydraulic press.
This can be due to two reasons: That the reductions in BHF prescribed to the hydraulic press by the feedback control system were too small, or that the hydraulic press was not able to honour the prescribed BHF.
The data being plotted as a function of the punch displacement and as a function of time respectively