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Therefore, it is highly required to adopt an appropriate damage detection method for the continuously or periodically incoming measurement data.
Damage severity on test section Item Description Section Shape Description a cut of 5.0cm long and 1mm wide on each side Bending Rigidity (EI) 12% Reduction in the cut-section Area 4.6% Reduction Table 3.
It has been founded that the proposed method can detect small narrow cuts inflicted on the bottom flange which caused 12% reduction in the bending rigidity (EI) on the narrow segment of the box-girder.

This enables a reduction of the distortion by means of optimized welding sequences without decreasing the productivity.
Thus, on the one hand, for a given seam length and a given welding process, an increase in welding speed results in a reduction of heat input per unit of length and, consequently, of total heat input.
E.g. the so-called back-step method allows the reduction of shrinkage at a sequence of stitch welds.
From its output data one line parallel and one line perpendicular to the seam were taken.

The material data was determined with the layer compression test as the forming processes predominantly exhibit compression stress state.
This causes a reduction of the cup height and results in a wall thickening respectively mould filling of the gear cavity.
To overcome these modes of failure, modifications of the tool regarding a reduction of the punch bottom radius and the drawing clearance would be possible as well as the use of blanks with increased initial sheet thickness.
This is a material and weight reduction of more than 7%.

- In order to delay the temperature increase of the concrete (reduction of irreversible degradation), a limit of 200°C is considered to be reasonable to avoid any intervention on the concrete after fire
This kind of result is very coherent compared to various data coming from the literature.
Influence of relative proportioning between Kerysten and cement: Changing of mass ratio C/K (Cement/Kerysten) appreciably affect the mechanical performances (doubling of C/K ratio induces a reduction of 30% of resistances at constant density) and the densities of high C/K formulations are more sensitive to the air-entraining agent.
The increase of the content of calcium sulfate in the binder induces a reduction in the mechanical performances (at same density).

Treated GNP samples experienced ID/IG ratio reduction from 0.314 to 0.208, as compared to untreated GNPs.
The reduction in the ratio value indicates the occurrence of defects and formation of distorted hybridized sp3 structures due to the sonication and high shearing action during the surface treatment.
Results NR/EPDM 0.00wt.% 0.25wt.% 0.50wt.% 1.00wt.% 3.00wt.% 5.00wt.% TS Blend A 7.322 7.970 9.119 11.378 13.738 10.702 Blend B 7.322 10.477 10.770 12.048 1.286 1.099 %.E Blend A 824.687 834.022 946.987 1057.269 1129.739 952.779 Blend B 824.687 919.035 923.184 941.814 304.397 281.517 M100 Blend A 1.080 1.108 1.155 1.172 1.481 1.607 Blend B 1.080 1.339 1.479 1.537 0.933 0.728 M300 Blend A 2.046 2.060 2.273 2.313 2.967 3.233 Blend B 2.046 2.936 9.980 11.070 9.843 9.279 The mechanical tensile property data for NR/EPDM rubber blend system filled with uGNPs (system A) and GNPs-C0890 (system B) at various loading is tabulated in Table 2.
At higher nanofiller loading, a significant reduction of all the mechanical tensile properties attributes occurred due to the filler agglomeration among GNPs-C0890 and phase separation between NR and EPDM by crosslinking retardation phenomenon.

In fact it is presumed that closed loop supply chains are sustainable supply chains since closing the loop and adding the reverse chain helps the reduction of environmental effects and increasing the economical benefits[12].The concept of sustainability in supply chain has three dimensions: economic environmental and social and the trade-off among all these three aspects is required.
In terms of distribution, choosing the cleaner transportation through the supply chain results in reduction of greenhouse gases and positively contributes to the sustainability of the supply chain.
Generally the main incentives for returning the products and treating them in the reverse chain are economics (direct and indirect), legislation(reduction of environmental impact of the production processes, minimizing the land filling and disposal, increasing the recovery of used products, reducing the resource uses by using recycled and recovered material) and corporate citizenship (social aspect such as brand image)[2].
The application of fuzzy set theories could handle the uncertainty in the supply chain especially when the statistical data are not reliable or available[18].

In this paper, based on seismic site survey data, some new phenomena and characteristics of earthquake damage in comparison with the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, such as seismic damage of large space buildings, inclined or "X" shaped crack in wall between windows or spandrel wall, stair damage, falling of precast reinforced concrete slab and horizontal crack at the bottom of structure, are discussed in detail.
Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 7, pp.263-269 [2] Yuan YF, Sun BT (2008), General introduction to engineering damage during Wenchuan earthquake, vol. 28 supplement, pp.37-44 [3] Sun JJ, Tang YH, et al (2009), Typical damages to building in intensity Ⅷ and Ⅶ region, Proceedings of conference on earthquake engineering and earthquake disaster reduction (the 1st anniversary of Wenchuan earthquake), Seismological Press, Beijing, pp.245-246.

The results obtain by numerical simulation agree with the observed data, the deformation process can be satisfactorily modeled.
What's more the stability under the most unfavorable conditions was calculated with the strength reduction method.

Comparison of data obtained by finite-element modeling with results of tensile experiments of composite plates with holes is given.
The results and the data of the numerical experiment are shown below in Fig. 2 and Table 1.
The authors obtained a 41% reduction in bearing capacity for the drilled hole and 28% of the "biological" hole.

To validate the developed model, real data is collected and the model is run using Lingo software.
In the third section, the simulation of the proposed model using real data from the company is presented.
· Input variable: Input data that consists of marketing plan and procurement data (price of material in the market).
These data usually changes over time.
And in data set 2, not all CR’s sales plan can be met to get the maximum profit.