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He realized that managers attached high levels of importance to product quality improvement, reduction of production lead-times and reduction of production costs.
We can see that the most desired benefits is “cost reduction” that could be easily anticipated taking into account current economic conditions and pressures to economize wherever possible.
Small: Objectives for adopting advanced manufacturing systems: promise and performance, Industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol. 98, No. 3 (1998), pp. 129-137

As the data on the service life of composite structures is becoming available, it can be safely said that they are durable, maintain dimensional integrity, resist fatigue loading and are easily maintainable and repairable.
The strength and hardness reduction by increasing the wt.% fraction addition of ZrO2 nanoparticles beyond 3 wt.% has probably occurred due to the increase in porosity.
Additions Weight Loss (mg) Friction Coefficient 1 A356 3.7 0.39 2 A356 + 1% ZrO2 4.1 0.37 3 A356 + 2% ZrO2 4.2 0.38 4 A356 + 3% ZrO2 4.9 0.41 5 A356 + 5% ZrO2 5.3 0.43 The results show that the addition of 1 weight% nanoparticles did not produce a significant change in the wear resistance of the hypo-eutectic alloy A356, though there was a reduction in the friction coefficient.
Increasing the stirring speed over 1500 rpm causes a reduction in tensile strength due to the increase in micro-porosity.

The main ones are the quality of initial ingots depending on the technology of melting and casting (surface quality, metal plasticity level, dimension of shrinkage defects, etc.) as well as regimes of subsequent rolling (temperature, reduction per pass, stress-strain state of the metal).
KCI IES UB RAS’s Plastometric complex is equipped with data collection and processing system on the basis of PC with quick-operating analog-to-digital converter PCI-1713, software package GeniDAQ and software GENIE (Advantech).
Analysis of reduction schedule of ingots and the roll pass design on the breakdown mill 850 shows that rolling bloom of 220x220 in cross-section at the initial 10 – 15 passes makes unfavorable stress-strain state in the presence of tensile stress of the metal in the axial zone of the ingot.
The investigated steels are characterized by significant reduction in the plasticity level at temperatures below 1050 °C due to appearance of brittleness and relatively low deformation resistance (50 – 250 MPa) in the range of rolling temperatures.

An ideal pretreatment would accomplish reduction in lignin content, concomitant with a reduction in crystallinity and an increase in surface area.
The sample was determined to be an acid soluble lignin as well as carbohydrates from absorbance data at 205nm by UV/Visible spectrophotometer.
Reduction in the peak intensity found at around 1,631-1,633 cm-1 in chemically treated samples indicated the partial reaction of the C=O bonds of hemicellulose.

Typical application is local reduction of carrier lifetime [1] or formation of ultra-deep n-doped layers [2].
The study is performed for implantation energies, fluences and annealing temperatures which are typically used for local lifetime reduction in power devices.
SIMS data [5] showed that distribution of implanted hydrogen is stable up to the annealing temperature of 450°C, therefore the out diffusion of hydrogen atoms cannot be reason for annealing of these centers.
Summary We analyzed formation of deep and shallow levels in oxygen-rich float-zone n-type silicon subjected to proton and helium implantation and subsequent annealing at fluences and temperatures used for lifetime reduction in power devices.

The presence of these phases in the grain boundaries, triple junction and matrix/whiskers interface resulted in beneficial effects for the mechanical properties at room temperatures, as a consequence of the acicular grain growth and the reduction of the inherent flaw size.
According the literature data [22], this phase is harder that βSi3N4.
Other aspect important observed, specially about CTR sintering aids compositions, was related with the whiskers interference on matrix grains, that occasioned the reduction of the growing of β-grains.
This reduction will promote a decreasing of fracture toughness, because the toughening mechanisms require high aspect ratio comparing with whiskers as β-grains, serving of obstacle for crack propagation.

Total shell thickness reduction of 30-40% is observed at the depression center.
These increased surface temperatures are accompanied by 30-40% reduction in the thickness of the solid steel shell, and up to 86% reduction of the stronger austenite layer.
Future Work Future work on this ongoing project includes collecting and characterizing cracks, depressions, and other surface defects from operating casters as permitted, as well as more advanced forms of caster data collection  [17,18].

During temperature reduction, because of the concrete shrinkage and constraint force of the frozen liner, especially temperature stress, the liner concrete tends to flaw.
If figure of ΔT is positive, then the liner will bear vertical compression; (2)When the cement of the liner of HPC is experiencing temperature reduction, if figure of is negative, then the liner will bear vertical tensile force.
Computing formula of outer constraint of concrete: Among this formula， According to experimental data on crack control of mass concrete in building construction and water conservancy project, we can know: when using relatively good sliding layer, the value of is just one third of that without sliding layer, this can obviously help reduce outer constraint, reduction of constraint stress can greatly reduce the possibility of happening crack of high performance concrete.

The data were analyzed statically for differences using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test the differences among all means.
CAT activity increased in tissues at 5.0 and 10.0 μg L-1 after 5 days, but there was a trend toward reduction in CAT activity in tissues at 15.0 μg L-1.
In our study, reduction in the CAT activity in tissues can be attributed to recorded high SOD activity due to OPs pesticide induced O2- production.
In the present study, observed reduction in M. edulis protein content may be due to general stress response.

Introduction On Mar. 4th, 2011, the Chongqing Government claimed that, at the end of the 12th five years, the electronic information industry will account for more than 30% of total industrial output value in Chongqing, and complete basically the largest laptop production base and offshore data processing center.
Currently the production location is Chongqing and the products were sold to the whole region of Southwest China, with the reduction of logistics cost being 400 Yuan per ton.
Considering sufficient natural gas resource in Chongqing compared to Taizhou, reduction in energy cost is as high as 400 Yuan per ton.
Costs of logistics, energy, public services, favorable policies being all included, cost reduction for every ton products was about 1000 Yuan.