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Therefore, features and trends of edge detection based on GM(1,1) can be summarized as: 1) Determination of the pixel number in grey modeling.
Now, the number of pixels in GM(1,1) in most case are fixed, such as four, nine, twenty-five etc. 2) Determination of the threshold in judging the prediction error.
For example, the data sequences are preprocessing before the Grey relational grades are calculated or after the edge detection is finished, some improved measures are implemented. 5) Compared with the technique based on GM(1,1), the methods based on Grey relational analysis are more mature and approaching to specific applications, such as crack detection of the pavement image[24] and edge detection of pests in stored grain image [14], and the image type is extended from visible-light image to remote sensing image and IR image. 5 Conclusions Currently, although the application of Grey theory in image processing is far from maturation and has a long way to go before it is widely used like fuzzy theory, more and more researchers at home and abroad have paid attention to Grey theory for its feasibility and efficiency in image engineering [2].
Investigate on image’s edge detection of pests in stored grain based on grey relational analysis [J].

National Development and Reform Commission said they adopt fiscal policies to support, support part of the grain into fuel ethanol, To the end of Eleventh Five-Year, the proportion ethanol gasoline consumption accounts for the national gasoline consumption increased from less than 20% to over 50% [7].
An explanation is that the temperature rise of seawater caused to a large number of gas hydrates decomposition, the greenhouse effect caused by methane gas made the global temperature increase suddenly, and the oxygen deficit of seawater resulted in a large number of marine organism extinction and migration.
Grain Distribution Technology , 2010, 4:36~43

So far, it has a large number of high conductivity of solid materials to replace the liquid electrolyte.
Organic plasticizer Plasticizer dissolved in the polymer matrix can effectively increase the polymer chain movement, reducing the polymer's glass transition temperature, and also played the role of solvation, and promote full dissolution and ionization of the lithium salt, increase the number of carrierto improve the problem of low conductivity of solid polymer electrolyte, in particular the low-temperature electrical properties.
BK Choi, et al. study found that of PEO / inorganic nano grain boundary ionic conductivity contribution to the enhancement of the ionic conductivity from Lewis O atoms in the Lewis acid sites of the inorganic particles and polymer matrix acid-alkali.
McLachlan, An equation for the conductivity of binary mixtures with anisotropic grain structures[J], Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, 1987, 20(7): 865-878

It has the following advantages:(1) one condition was added to model RNG-, the accuracy was changed obviously; (2) the Turbulent vortex was considered, and accuracy was changed twice; (3) RNG model provide a kind of analytic formula because low Reynolds number viscous flow, these formula could treat some wall conditions more accurate.
And the detailed RNG- model is as follows: Turbulent kinetic energy equation： (11) Turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate equation： (12) Where, —resistance of direction ; — air concentration, kg/m3; —velocity, m/s; —volume force of direction ; — unit tensor; —dynamic viscosity, Pa.s; —viscosity coefficient; —pressure, Pa; —enthalpy, K; —heat exchange coefficient，is Prandtl number, is specific heat at constant pressure, J/(kg·K); —equation source; — temperature,K; —differential coefficient; ,,,，，—coefficient; —turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate; —turbulent kinetic energy; —incidence radiation; —turbulent kinetic energy caused by lamilar flow grads, = ; —coefficient; —turbulent kinetic energy caused buoyancy, ; —coefficient; —heft of gravitation; —heat source; ，—absorption coefficient; —equivalent radiation.
Because only 10mg fuel was carried out in fast pyrolysis experiments, treat the sample grain as a little cylinder grain at locale, and adopt heat depth 0.02, 0.05cm.

Fig. 3 illustrates microstructure of the slurry Si-modified aluminide coating (hereinafter called Al-Si coating) dividing into three zones: P-zone where a large number of fine particles precipitate, A-zone where a few precipitates are present and I-zone where the substrate and coating constituents diffuse to each other.
(a) -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 aluminide grain boundaries.
After initiation, in case of Al coating small cracks have a lot of preferred paths (i.e. nickel aluminide grain boundaries) to growth through this granular structure.
The number of cracks after 10, 16 and 35 cycles of oxidation was determined 2, 4 and 9, respectively.

As seen from the temperature profile in Fig. 8 (b), the whole melt within the sump keeps the large undercooling state, which must increase the nucleation rate and number.
Therefore, it is observed that the microstructure of the billet cast during the LFEC process is very fine and uniform equiaxed grain, as reported in the literatures [5,6], which is difficultly observed during the conventional DC casting process.
The uniform temperature field, the low temperature gradient and the vigorous forced convection produced by electromagnetic stirring are the main causes for the formation of the equiaxed grain in the billet cast during the LFEC process. 6.
Acknowledgements This study was supported by the national "863" foundation of china (grant number: 2001AA332030).

This study shows, also, that the average of grain sizes is 5, 3 µm.
Results are presented in a bi-logarithmic graph of stress versus number of cycles to failure (Fig.7) and initiation (Fig. 8).
This agrees with the results of the recent extensive research into failure mechanisms according to which the accumulation of fatigue damage with a size of several grains and the fatigue strength of structures depend not only on the peak stress but also on the stress field intensity in the damaged zone.
Table 5: Value of the Notch Intensity Factor for different maximum load applied on roman tile F(max) [N] Ni (in air) Ni (under hydrogen) [MPa] [mm] [MPa.m1/2] 7000 125040 77829 661 0.999 52,38 8000 119820 70000 673,1 1,090 55,71 8600 113440 45000 682,9 1,120 57,29 We note that maximum load is the same for tests with and without hydrogen absorption, then the Notch Stress Intensity Factor is the same but the number of cycles to initiation is strongly reduced with hydrogen absorption.

Based on a large number of experiments, the abrasive belt grinding process parameters of Zr-4 alloy tube has been determined or refined.
By a large number of abrasive belt grinding experiment, the author get Zr-4 alloy tube grinding process parameters as shown in Table 2.
The process parameters range of Zr-4 alloy’s abrasive belt grinding Abrasive belt model Abrasive belt grain size Abrasive belt material Abrasive belt line speed (m / s) Workpiece feed speed （mm/min） The wheelhead cylinder pressure （Mpa） 461F P80 silicon carbide 12—25 500—3000 0.08—0.15 Table 2.
The reasonable process parameters of Zr-4 alloy’s abrasive belt grinding Abrasive belt model Abrasive belt grain size Abrasive belt material Abrasive belt line speed (m / s) Workpiece feed speed （mm/min） The wheelhead cylinder pressure （Mpa） 461F P80 silicon carbide 18 1000 0.12 2.3.1 The influence between workpiece feed speed Vw and the grinding amount ΔR As shown in Fig. 5, the workpiece’s feed rate has a greater impact on the amount of single-stroke grinding.1) A single stroke grinding amount is reduced with the increase of workpiece speed.

Three kinds of hydrogen storage materials were prepared by mall milling for 3 h, denoted by Mg0.65C0.35, Mg0.65C0.3Mo0.05, Mg0.65C0.3Ni0.05, respectively, where the numbers mean the proportion of each raw material.
It was found that the crystallitic carbon from anthracite had a good scattered ability and a proper lubricity for the decrease of the magnesium grain size[14].
Along with the decrease of the magnesium grain size, the magnesium is hydrogenated to forming magnesium hydride as shown in Fig. 2.
While at 350 oC that is around the peak dehydrogenation temperature, the hydrogen desorption rate of MgH2 is so fast that a number of hydrogen atoms combine into hydrogen molecules and deviate from the material surface so as to lose the reactivity to react with CS2.

/min.] 420 Carrier gas (N2) flow rate [lit/min.] 20 Powder feed rate [g/min.] 40 Coating distance[mm] 280 Gun traveler speed [mm/sec] 10 Specimen rotating linear speed [mm/sec] 600 Number of passes 28 Vickers indentation fracture toughness measurements were conducted on the cross section of the coatings using a range of loads from 3kgf to 20kgf applied for 1 to 10 minutes.
These powders also have fine WC grains, which are in micron range.
In this schematic, each phase is represented by a different pictogram in which A is WC, N is Nano-crystalline matrix, B is WC-W2C crystallites, D is cobalt dendrites surrounding WC grains, and C is Splat boundaries.
The analysis of the microstructure confirmed that the number of retained WC particles was high with small quantities of W2C particles.