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It has a number of excellent properties, such as shining appearance, high strength, and good erosion resistance.
Compared with the matrix, reaction layer has many round black holes and glass phase has been all but liquated, moreover, the baddeleyite and the corundum have become incompact grains like the sands.

These results suggest that RHA promoted the formation of new products filling the pore space of the composite, changing the clayey material in a nature of a continuum, while the BSS promoted a substantial aggregation of the particles, wherein the soil reinforcement transformed clay in a particulate material coarser grain size.
There comes a binding effect, due to the increase in the number of contacts between the soil particles, and the strengthening of preexisting contacts.
Joint-analysis of the effects listed above suggests a substantial aggregation of the particles, wherein the reinforcement transformed the clayey soil into a particulate material of coarser grain size.

The mutual collision between balls and alloy powders, the cold weld between alloy powders, and the mutual diffusive between atoms occurred during high-energy milling process, thereby increasing crystal defects and grain boundaries [11,12].
The MgNi and MgNi+5%B alloy powders consist of irregular particles, with a grain size less than 5μm in diameter, and the MgNi+5%B alloy powders had slightly more uniform diameter than that of MgNi alloy powders.
%B alloys as a function of cycle number Table 4.
The maximum discharge capacity Cmax and cycle capacity retention rate Sn of the MgNi+x%B alloys Samples(x) Cmax(mAh/g) S20(%) HRD400(%) HRD800(%) Io(mA/g) MgNi 320.5 17.9 43.2 27.9 60.5 MgNi+2%B 337.1 17.8 53.4 30.5 158.3 MgNi+5%B 358.6 24.5 58.3 32.2 293.5 MgNi+10%B 347.7 29.4 48.6 28.5 112.6 Fig. 6 shows the discharge capacity of the MgNi+x%B(x=0,2,5,10) alloys with cycle numbers.

It is known that the amount of stored elastic energy in deformed polycrystals is dependent upon the grain orientation, and subsequently the release of this energy and evolution of the microstructure and texture during annealing is very much dependent on the starting texture and microstructure [1].
The models are highly dependent on assumptions made about the initial dislocation network and contributions from both the dispersed dislocations and those in the growing cell wall/sub-grain structure.
A tensile increase can result from dislocations being pulled into the denser regions (walls) clearing the interior region for a lattice expansion, while the subsequent increase in the compressive component may be due to the thinning of the cell and increasing the number of dislocations within the interior cell.
After recrystallization (>300°C) there is a distinct increase in the lattice strain due to both the annihilation of a large number of dislocations and the likely dissolution of Mg and other particles into solid solution causing the lattice to dilate.

The key point in flow forming is the suitable combination of a large number of parameters during the process which can significantly influence the properties of the final part.
Finally, the starting microstructure and hardness of the preform are also significant since the grain structure and the phases present can affect the deformation mechanism by modifying the activated slip systems or cause slip localisation.
In order to avoid effects from possible heterogeneities in the grain structure, pole figures were measured on five locations on each sample and the average ODF was calculated with MTEX.
Other researchers have also pointed out this variation in strength through the material’s thickness [12], but in some cases it could be less straightforward depending on the exact thickness reduction and number of passes [13].

A white network consisting of large number of spherical dimples could be observed which indicates purely ductile failure of the surface.
In fig. 3(b), a large number of cracks can be observed along the grain boundaries indicating inter-granular fracture The experimental conditions in both of these situations were corresponding to a moderate rate of energy input to the tool/abrasive; hence the proportion of brittle fracture was expected to be larger than the previous case.
In fig 4 (b) localized plastic deformation can also be seen in the form of a few round dimples along with material pull-out due to action of large sized active abrasive grains.

Two phases of Stainless Steel Two phases of stainless steel is stainless steel which has a mixture of structures from ferrite bcc and austenite fcc besides that designed a number of content austenite phase is the same.
Its growth begins at the ferrite grain boundaries and then grows into the ferrite grain according to the crystallographic directions.
Method of TIG welding using shielding gas mixed with nitrogen can produce a relatively equal number of phases between ferrite - austenite at welding with 95 % argon + 5 % nitrogen in the welding speed 3 and 4 mm/sec.

Despite the long-term development of mining machines, which mechanically destroy coal beds, the problems of specific energy reduction, extraction of fine dust grain and re-grinding of coal during mining have not been solved yet.
This is accompanied by a large yield of fine grains of coal and dust formation.
The capacity of front modular complexes is proportional to the number of simultaneously operating extraction modules, i.e. the face length or its active area.
Engin., Automat. and Control Syst., vol. 177, no. 1, 2017, Article number 012045.

Cavitation has also found application in a number of commercial products to clean or breakdown materials because of producing extremely high energy densities [3].
Such a device has also been used by a number of other scientists [10, 11].
Laser beam processing and subsequent rapid cooling of materials subjected on the cavitation erosion leads as a rule to grains refining and, due to diffusion retarding, creates the state of residual stresses within the processed material.
Refining of the grains and a decrease in micro cracks length causes the material to erode away in smaller pieces and at a lower rate.

Varying quantities of material ranging from small to large can be processed, and the resulting powders usually display nanometer-sized grains.
McKamey of Oak Ridge National Lab., was mixed with 5 wt% and 10 wt% Si (<45µm grain size, 99.5% purity), giving the atomic compositions Fe64Al26Cr1Si8, and Fe59Al24Cr1Si16, respectively.
v (mm/s) 0 10 20 30 p(Bhf) Bhf (T) Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials eVolume 12 33 A high number of iron atoms in antisite position (replacing aluminium atoms) and vacancies (mostly of iron) are present in the material.
After thermal annealing the Mössbauer spectrum of the Fe64Al26Cr1Si8 sample displays a sharper magnetic distribution shifted to higher values of hyperfine magnetic field, indicating a reduction in the number of configurations for the Fe atoms in the bcc structure.