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Bernatskyi et al., Effect of the structure on the mechanical properties and cracking resistance of welded joints of low-alloyed high-strength steels, Procedia Structural Integrity. 16 (2019) 89-96
Markashova et al., Influence of the modes of heat treatment on the durability of springs made of 65G steel, Materials Science. 53(5) (2018) 684-690
Shelyagin et al., Cold cracking resistance of butt joints in high-strength steels with different welding techniques, Strength of Materials. 51(6) (2019) 843-851
Lebedev et al., Calculation-experimental method for determining crack resistance of materials under biaxial loading, Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 64(2) (1999) 203-215
Gaivoronskii et al., Estimation of the strength and crack resistance of the metal of railway wheels after long-term operation, Fiz.

Therefore, we suppose that IrL2 has high electroluminescence (EL) efficiency resulting from the improved ease of hole injection and electron trapping abilities, which can induce a build-in field in the EL layer and further accelerate the electron injection from ETL.
The experimental results have also indicated that the good EL performance of IrL2 can be attributed to its better carrier transport ability and shorter excited stated lifetimes [13].
Frisch et al (2009) Gaussian 09, Gaussian Inc.

It may be due to the hopping of charge carriers from one site to another as the temperature increases and may be attributed to the decrease in resistivity [10], in agreement with the reported results of Ravinder et al [11].
El-Sayed, Mater Chem.
[15] Abo El Ata AM, Attia SM, Meaz TM, Solid State Sci. 6 (2004) 61
Phys, EL 15 (1947) 174

Elmentar Vario EL III is to test the elementray contents of C, H and O elements.
The experimental elementary contents of C, H and O elements are listed in Table 1 by Elmentar Vario EL III.
Eling, S.
Lunt, A.L.

Kim and El Hossein [5] pioneered in determining fracture properties of the mixtures using the classical concept of fracture toughness.
Later, Marasteanu et al [6] used the SE(B) test protocol to determine toughness values for AC mixtures at medium to low temperatures.
Abd El-Rahman: Int.
El-Hossein: J.

Data collection of displacement meter comes from strain stress comprehensive test instrument CLM-EL-16.
Fig. 5 shows displacement meters arrangement and Fig. 6 shows strain stress comprehensive test instrument CLM-EL-16.
Strain stress comprehensive test instrument CLM-EL-16 Piling-up weights method was used in two tests.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, China, 1991,5(02):14~21 [3] Y.H.Zeng,M.X.Zheng:Force Distribution Rule of Retaining Piles with Prestressing Cables.Journal of East China Jiaotong University, China, 2003,20(2):15~18 [4] W.J.Lei,Y.R.Zheng,G.X.Wang et al:Mechanism Analysis of Slope Reinforcement with Deeply Buried Piles with Model Test, Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, China, 2007, 26 (7):1347-1355

According to McGennis et al (1994), modified bitumen is produced for the purpose of altering and improving the properties of the bitumen to enhance the long term performance of pavements [2].
According to Mallick and El-Korchi (2009), normal bitumen has a PI between -1 and +1.
According to Mallick and El-Korchi (2009), typical values of the PVN are in range between -2 and 0.5 [9]
West Conshohocken, United State. (2010) [9] Mallick, R.B. and El-Korchi, T.

On the contrary, in the single γ'-phase area, the Ni and Co content was increased, which was accompanied by a decrease of Nb, Cr, Ta and Al content.
As a result, the dendrite arms are enriched by W, Re, Mo, and Cr while the areas between arms are enriched by Al, Ti, Nb and Ta.
The alloy contains (in at. %): Al, 12.1; Cr, 5.3; Co, 9.38; Nb, 0.85; Ta, 0.89; Mo, 0.69; W, 2.4; Re, 0.88 and Ni balance [14].
This strain value is pointed as EL - elastic limit point (see Fig. 1, b).
In the same time, the concentration of Al, Mo, W and Cr was increased due to the diffusion in the opposite direction.

The alloy is based on the Ti-Al-Sn-Zr-Mo-Si system high temperature titanium alloy with 2.0 wt.% Ta added.
The raw materials used in the test were zero-grade sponge titanium, high-purity aluminum, sponge zirconium, high-purity silicon, pure tantalum flakes, carbon powder, master alloy Ti-Sn (Sn: 80.05 wt.%), master alloy Al-Nb (Nb : 62.32 wt.%), master alloy Al-Mo (Mo: 61.20 wt.%), master alloy Al-W (W: 53.3 wt.%), master alloy Al-Er (Er: ≈5.5 wt.%).
Solution temperature[℃] UTS[MPa] YS[MPa] EL[%] 960 1017 961.35 4.48 980 1046.63 971.65 4.44 1000 1058.76 975.86 4.31 Fig. 5 Evolutions of room temperature mechanical properties at different solution temperatures.
Solution temperature[℃] UTS[MPa] YS[MPa] EL[%] 960 672.57 577.30 5.67 980 685.93 583.00 4.91 1000 714.01 589.03 8.48 Fig. 7 Evolutions of 650 ℃ mechanical properties at different solution temperatures.
Wang, Tensile behavior at 700°C in Ti-Al-Sn-Zr-Mo-Nb-W-Si alloy with a bi-modal microstructure, Mater.

The result shows that as for steel skeleton polythene plastic composite pipe and reinforced plastic composite pipe, Panhandle A formula and Drew Et al Formula are recommended respectively to calculate the on-way hydraulic computation.
Relative Errors of Calculation Formulas Sequence Number Name of formula Average relative error Steel skeleton plastic composite pipe Reinforced plastic composite pipe 1 Miller Formula 14.658% 11.543% 2 Nikuradze Formula 14.783% 11.549% 3 Anderson formula 17.934% 9.952% 4 Jiaqi Dai Formula 22.699% 4.437% 5 Less Formula 16.897% 9.558% 6 Drew et al.
Formula 34.133% 2.907% 7 IGT Formula 20.122% 6.330% 8 Towler Improved Formula 19.980% 6.451% 9 Panhandle A Formula 8.854% 20.225% 10 Panhandle B Formula 44.057% 51.577% 11 Brill et al Formula 16.416% 9.924% Conclusions For steel skeleton polythene plastic composite pipe, the relative errors of Miller Formula, Nikuradze Formula, Panhandle A Formula and Brill Et al Formula are respectively 14.658%, 14.783%, 16.416% and 8.854%, therefore Panhandle A formula is recommended to calculate the on-way hydraulic computation of steel skeleton polythene plastic composite pipe.
As for reinforced plastic composite pipe, the relative errors of Jiaqi Dai formula, Drew Et al formula, IGT formula and Towler improved formula are respectively 4.437%, 2.907%, 6.330% and 6.451%, therefore Drew Et al formula is recommended to calculate the on-way hydraulic computation of reinforced plastic composite pipe.
El-Emam: Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology.