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The parameters of the pore networks, such as radius, coordination number and shape factors of pore and throat are computed.
It is necessary to apply a series of filters to smooth the image, to reduce noise and improve the contrast between grain and void [5].
In this part we compare the three samples in terms of connectivity (coordination number), size distributions (contains inscribed radii, volume, lengths of pores and throats), and shape factors.

Studying the effects of hybrid reinforcement made of nano-zirconium oxide and chopped glass fibers for poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture bases, nano- ZrO2 (n ZrO2) at grain sizes (46.7 nm) which measured using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and different ratios on the mechanical characteristics was the aim of this study .To make the pure sample, a 2:1 powder to liquid ratio of typical acrylic resin was used.
It has been established that the average grain size of nZrO2 particles is (46.7 nm).
The glass fibers adhered to the fracture plane and protruded.The number of voids created by the drawn glass fibers was higher in group C than in group B.

These PSB are due to the irreversible gliding of dislocations in well oriented grains, leading to intrusions/extrusions.
Discussion As reported previously [2], the dissipative heat sources (leading to the temperature increase) is related to the dislocation gliding in the well oriented grains giving the Persistent Slips Bands on the specimen surface.
The number of cycles at failure was in the range 104 to 106 cycles which corresponds to the High Cycle Fatigue domain.
If the number of active slips bands decreases, it means that the dislocation gliding is impeded by the solute atoms.
For the A42 steel, there was no free solute atoms in the lattice and the number of mobile dislocations is practically unchanged.

The carbide substrate, EMT100, is a micro-grain cemented carbide with 0.8 μm medium grain size and a composition of 93 % tungsten carbide, 6 % cobalt, and 1 % other materials.
The total number of observations belongs to more than 25 aircraft, involving many analyzed tools.
Variable Description Aircraft ID Aircraft identification number Hole ID Identification number of the hole Tool ID Tool identification number Tool type Number defining the type of tool Hole accumulated Number of holes drilled by the tool Date Date of completion of the hole Components materials Material of the parts drilled in a drill operation CFRP thickness Thickness of the CFRP parts per hole in mm Titanium thickness Thickness of the titanium parts per hole in mm Hole total thickness Hole depth in mm Cutting speeds Cutting speeds used to drill each of the part materials in m/min.
Fig. 4 shows the life of each tool when the catastrophic failure occurred based on the number of holes drilled.
Fig. 4: Tool life of each tool when catastrophic failure occurred based on the number of holes drilled.

Still today, despite the intensive developments over the last two decades, the success of MCFC in the emerging field of clean electricity generation industry remains uncertain for a number of not fully resolved lifetime or performance-limiting factors mostly of which are related to metallic corrosion or corrosion-induced component failures.
The only effect of a long-time exposure is the appearance of some grain boundary attack due to formation of (Cr,Fe)2O3 oxide growing into the metal along the grain boundaries.
Steel Time period (hours) 0-50 500 >5000 316L (Fe,Ni)Cr2O4(i); Fe2O3(e) (Fe,Ni)Cr2O4(i); LiFe5O8(m); LiFeO2(e) (Fe,Ni)Cr2O4(i); LiFeO2(e) 310S Cr2O3(i); Fe2O3(e) LiCrO2(i); LiFeO2(e); (Na,K)2CrO4(s) (Cr,Fe)2O3(gb); LiCrO2(i); LiFeO2(e); (Na,K)2CrO4(s) [(i)= internal oxide growing at metal/scale interface; (m)= middle oxide layer; (e)= external oxide layer growing at scale/melt interface; (s)= oxide soluble in the melt; (gb) = grain boundary oxide attack] Finally, an added complication is that the steel corrosion behavior on the cathode side can be appreciably altered by the simultaneous presence of hydrogen on the anodic side of the cell.
It is noticed a compact and sharp crystalline structure with large grains generally surrounded by smaller ones probably due to a Ostwald ripening mechanism.

Own ones are based on the comprehensive investigation of a number of materials, twelve RE-free and/or REcontaining Fe-(18-20)Cr-(4.5-5.5)Al alloys (compositions in wt. %) and close-to-stoichiometric βNiAl intermetallic compound (with and without Y).
The reason for it is that α-Al2O3 grows via inward oxygen through oxide grain boundaries the fraction of which decreases during oxidation due to the grain growth process.
It is valid for further growth of unstable aluminas which results in blade-like surface morphology (S2-1 in Fig. 4) with less or more developed blade-type grains.
On the other hand, inward growth mechanism component can be brought about by: (i) oxide growth in cracks; and/or (ii) inward grain boundary oxygen transport across α-alumina scale. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 Normalized SIMS intensity DEPTH [A.U.] 16 O _ 18 O _ 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 Normalized SIMS intensity DEPTH [A.U.] 16 O _ 18 O _ 0 20 40 60 80 100 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 Normalized SIMS intensity DEPTH[A.U.] 16 O _ 18 O _ M-1 OUT M-2-1 OUT-INW-1 M2-2 OUT-INW-2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 Normalized SIMS intensity DEPTH [A.U.] 16 O _ 18 O _ 0 10 20 30 40 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 Normalized SIMS Intensity DEPTH [A.U.] 16-16 O 18-18 O 0 10 20 30 40 50 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8

Reduction in the number of oxygen vacancies seems to be an effective approach to fabricate high-quality ZnO epitaxial films.
The use of NO2 during deposition is expected to reduce the number of oxygen vacancies in ZnO films.
This is explained by the decrease in the number of non-equilibrium defects.
This indicates that another factor plays an important role in the carrier scattering mechanism, for example, grain boundaries or incorporation of N into the films.
The reduction in the number of oxygen defects in the films seems to be one of the reasons for the low carrier concentration.

A number of steady motes are in a high speed movement, and collide with each other in all probability.
The product of this solid-state process is usually a number of non-equilibrium phases [11].
In another work, Delogu [3, 4] demonstrated that decreasing the average grain size during mechanical alloying increased diffusivity.
The existence of the large number of nuclei in solution provides a mass of crystal growth cores for combining each other.
Large numbers of congener nuclei congregate at cathode substrate so as to deposit.

The results also indicate that the initial porosity has a great effect on the number of pores, pore size, pore shape and the distribution of pores during post sintering process.
Compared with conventional post-sintering, microwave processing offers unique advantages, which include saved energy, enhanced densification and suppressed grain growth owing to very rapid heating rates and cycles.
At the beginning of densification, the initial large pores quickly break down into a large number of smaller pores.

It will be demonstrated during the presentation that the manufacturing depends on one hand side on the material which has to be manufactured and on the other side on the structural component and the number of parts which are required.
The manufacturing process of CMCs depends on the shape and size, numbers, requirements (mechanical, thermal, chemical and physical) and cost effectiveness of structural components.
One of the key factors in respect to the processing costs is the impregnation technology, whereas the final properties like ductility, grain size and purity are controlled by the final heat treatment temperature (HTT) and the post treatments.