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Effect of Ppm Level Dopant on Ductility of Ultrafine Grained Gold Wires E.
In Fig. 3a, the red lines delineate the boundaries of grains.
Second, it is also known that SFE reduction is more effective with elements of higher valency, i.e. having higher numbers of electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom [14].
Lavernia would like to acknowledge support by the Office of Naval Research (Grant number N00014-08-1-0405) with Dr.
Chew: PhD thesis on Micro-doping in Ultrafine-grained Gold Bonding Wires.

But still in the predicted the grain quality, still not have different plant type of winter wheat grain quality prediction model.
Grain qualityAt harvest of crops, the wheat plant samples were collected and threshed manually for grain quality determination.
The grain quality of winter wheat grain of all the treatments was determined with the DN7200 (Germany).the index contain crude protein, wet gluten.
Accumulation of plant nitrogen is the only direct resource for grain quality that forms when nitrogen is physically transferred into grains and filling stage.
RVI for predicted the flat type wheat grain quality at anthesis.

The size of the lamellae does not change significantly with the increasing number of cycles in AA8006 specimens.
Moreover, in contrast to the AA8006 specimens, lND shows a clear decreasing tendency with the increasing number of cycles.
initial, LM lND (ARB processed, TEM) Alloy lRD lND 2 cycles 3cycles 4 cycles 7 cycles AA8006 19 14 - 0,36 0,36 0,33 AA5754 13 9 0,26 0,21 0,09 - AA8011 - 9 - - - 0.17 Grain subdivision by low-angle boundaries (LAGB) and a progressive conversion of LAGB into high-angle grain boundaries occurs with increasing number of cycles in all alloys (Figs. 6a,b).
Thus, the process of grain subdivision and grain refinement is the most intensive in AA5754 alloy.
On the contrary, the alloys AA8011 and AA5754 exhibit a steady increase in hardness with increasing number of ARB cycles.

However, one cannot find large number of good works in this context.
There are a number of mechanisms to reduce the overall surface energy.
If the number of long necks is much larger than the inter-grain contacts, they control the conductivity of the gas-sensing material and define the size dependence of the gas sensitivity.
For simplicity, the sensor element is presented by a one-dimensional chain of SnO2 crystallites which are connected by a predominant number of necks and a small number of grain boundary contacts.
At some critical dimension, the number of free electrons in the grain could become zero even at Vs = 0.

At the same time the electrolysis parameters are introduced into the dynamic number of effective grits with analysis its electrochemical action.
However the study of the relationship between electrical parameters and the number of effective grits is rare.
（3） Where the meaning of is same as Eq. (1). 2.2 All the active grain’s number and the total value of all simultaneous chip cross-sections for unit grinding width .
Furthermore contains the coefficient of grain’s density , so the omitted can be reflected by .
Through analysis the impact of ELID grinding on the number of the active grains, the ELID electrolysis parameters are introduced into the active grain’s number.

The columnar grain zone is very significant and there are a small amount of equiaxed grains.
With the increase of feeding ratio, the columnar grain zone becomes smaller and smaller, the equiaxed grain zone becomes larger and larger, and the grain size in the equiaxed grain zone decreases continuously(Fig.1b and 1c).
Table 3 The influence of feeding ratios on the solidification structure at 30 K Number of casting ingot Feeding ratio/% The area proportion of equiaxed grain zone/% The average size of equiaxed grain/mm 1 0 38 10.2 2 0.24 48 8 3 0.96 68 4.5 Steel strip-feeding changes the temperature distribution of molten steel in the crucible, and reduces the superheat degree and the temperature gradient.
The number of crystal nuclei decreases.
So, the proportion of equiaxed grain zone decreases, and the average size of equiaxed grain increases.

dislocation glide, diffusional mass transfer, grain boundary sliding and motion of grains as a whole.
Thus, investigation of the regular features and physical mechanisms which are involved in a number of grain boundary diffusion-controlled processes of structural evolution and plastic deformation in polycrystalline metals and alloys including NS ones, is of great interest to both a researcher and an engineer.
A number of theoretical investigations of GBs have been performed for FCC and BCC metals.
The structural and phase states that forms in the material treated by severe plastic deformation has a number of advantageous features, which is liable to enhance the performance of investigated steel.
Zhu: in Ultrafine Grained Materials III.

Grain measurement is an important aspect of grain depot monitoring, the system uses a laser sensor device and other equipments, the realization of the non-contact measurement based on a suitable mathematical model and security communication protocol dynamic,it can gets the real-time three-dimensional information of grain in dynamic, fast and accurate.
Then according to the measured data, using multiple integral to get the volume of granary, volume multiplied by the proportion of grain, grain weight can be obtained.
The system will use laser technology to realize the grain position measurement.
Using the system composition, system may be under the control of a program along X axis and Y axis, free rotation,to achieve different points’ distance of the grain surface.
Surface three-dimensional information on raw grain is restored by mathematical modeling and simulation.

Z is the average number of atoms per unit area at the grain boundary.
N is Avogadro’s number. h is Planck’s constant.
N1 is the site number of matrix phase.
N2 is the site number of liquid phase.
(10) where is the arithmetic average grain radius, NTol is the total number of site in the simulation domain, A0 is the area of site and NGrain is the total number of grain in the simulation domain.

The microstructure displays austenite grains with a diameter of 100 to 200 µm and a significant number of annealing twins.
In Fig. 3B the number of observed ferrite grains are plotted versus the misorientation angle of the austenite boundary on which they have nucleated.
Only the local maximum of 20°-25° occurs in all three plots, but this is a small effect and hardly significant. 0 50 100 150 200 250 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 400 800 1200 C Grain boundary fraction Normalised number of ferrite grains Number of ferrite grains 62.557.552.547.542.537.532.527.522.517.512.57.52.5 Misorientation angle (°) B A Fig. 3: Discrete plots of A) the distribution of misorientation angles in the austenite phase; B) the number of ferrite grains per misorientation class; C) the number of ferrite grains per misorientation class, normalised to the fraction of the misorientation class.
The plot of the number of ferrite grains vs. misorientation angle showed maxima at the same intervals.
To investigate the potency of the grain boundaries, the number of ferrite grains was normalised by the misorientation distribution.