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Introduction Metastable (Ti,Al)N ternary solid solution coating of B1 structure has been successfully developed as wear-resistance and anti-corrosion coating material for more than two decades due to its superior oxidation-resistance and mechanical properties [1-3].
In order to further improve the properties, especially oxidation-resistance and anti-wear performance, quaternary (Ti,Al,X)N coatings were developed by introducing element X into (Ti,Al)N.
Besides the composition, the process parameters of physics vapor deposition (PVD) play important roles to determine the structure and property of the coatings.
Various factors such as the texture orientation, stress state, crystlline size solid solution strengthening and crystal defect affect the hardness of (Ti,Al,Nb)N.

Atria Pradityana1,a*, Eddy Widiyono1,b, Hari Subiyanto1,c, Nur Husodo1,d Muhammad Saiful Rizal2,e 1Departemen of Industrial Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia 2Department Engineering Physic, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia aatriapradityana@gmail.com, beddy.w@its.ac.id, crobbin@gmail.com, dnur.husodo@its.ac.id, ebimorizal14@gmail.com Keywords: Psidium guajava leaf, Temperature, Inhibitor, API 5LGrade B, HCL.
Corrosion is a change in the properties of a material, mainly metal, due to a reaction with the surrounding environment.
The results of this study showed that the inhibitor of organic Psidium Guajava extract was the higher the temperature given to the inhibitor, it does not significantly affect the efficiency of the inhibitor, which acts the corrosion rate.
In the Petroleum Industry, corrosion is a significant factor causing tool downtime, which is consequently costly and critical.
However, some materials such as carbon steel and metal alloys are generally highly affected by corrosion due to direct contact with concentrated hydrochloric acid.

In the literature it is quite often stated that fresco destruction process results form the influence of different environmental factors [3, 4], such as environmental pollutions or humidity and temperature fluctuations.
Two basic types of analysis are usually applied: searching for discontinuities in the material inner structure or research into properties of continuous medium (e.g. absorption of acoustical energy, changes in material parameters).
Output signal from the camera, corresponding to pixels i, j, can be treated as a function Ui,j(T, t, e) depending on time t, temperature T and generalized optical properties e.
The method is highly sensitive to the influence of environmental factors such as vibrations of foundations and walls.
Obtained results can be affected by accidental vibrations.

It can affect the stability of the black rocks themselves and other non-black rocks nearby directly, and cause engineering and environmental geological problems.
It would lead to the changes of the chemical composition of groundwater and rock properties.
And then the vitriol materials and clay minerals which are subsequently dissolved away by surface water and groundwater, causing the destruction of rock mass structure and the decrease in mechanical properties
(3) Regarding engineering properties of corrosive acidic water formation in black rock under water-rock reaction, from the factor of controlling acidic water, methods such as adding additives, the use of phosphatides complexation and the use of limestone buffer layer can be applied to reduce the oxidation of pyrite or to neutralize the acidic water in black rock, and thus the damage caused by water-rock reaction within black rock can be prevented
Weathering degree and properties of Doushantuo group black rock in the west of Hunan Province[J].

This arrangement allows for the efficient packing of ions and results in the characteristic properties of perovskite materials.
This study aims to determine how the electrical properties are affected by adding NT to the BNBT matrix.
In this mechanism, carriers (such as electrons or holes) are localized at specific sites within the material due to factors like impurities, defects, or lattice distortions.
Structural properties of (Bi0.5Na0.5)1− xBaxTiO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. 
Structure, Microstructure and Dielectric Properties OF (1-x)Ba0.06(Na1/2Bi1/2)0.94TiO3-xNaTaO3 Lead-Free Ceramics. 

Analysis of Fractional derivative model for MR Damping system LIU Xiaomei a, HUANG Yijian b, LI Hongyou, ZHENG Qingjuan, SHI Yuying College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen Fujian China a liuxm@hqu.edu.cn, byjhuang@hqu.edu.cn Keywords: fractional derivative model; MR Fluid; MR damper; nonlinear system.
It is demonstrated that the controlling current affects the order of the fractional system significantly, the increasing of the currents lead to the increasing of systemic order, strengthen the influence of viscosity remarkably and weaken the influence of inertia simultaneously.
This concept results in fractional-order differential stress-strain relations, that provide good curve-fitting properties, require only few parameters and lead to causal behavior.
However, it is known that these models probably result poor curve-fitting properties unless enough parameters are considered.
In Eq(2.1),σdefines the stress and εis the strain; K is a proportionality factor; αis the order of derivative which commonly taken to range between 0 and 1.

Biphasic CaP have excellent combination of properties due to the bioactivity of HAp and bioresorbability of β-TCP.
Determination of scale-up factors.
Aging time is an important factor for the formation of phase pure apatite [6].
Sorrell, Some important factors in the wet precipitation process of hydroxyapatite, Mater.
Shaw, Influence of temperature and concentration on the sintering behavior and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite, Acta Mater. 19 (2004) 5655-5663

Table 1 shows the specific mechanical properties of concrete.
Table 2 shows the mechanical properties of steel bar.
The properties of CFRP sheet were from the manufacture's reported data, and are showed in Table 3.
Table 1 Properties of Concrete Strength Grade Cube Compressive Strength [MPa] Modulus of Elasticity [GPa] Poisson's Ratio C50 67.7 34.7 0.2 Table 2 Properties of Steel Bar Reinforcement Type Diameter [mm] Yield Strength [MPa] Ultimate Strength [MPa] Modulus of Elasticity [GPa] HPB 235 10 376.7 528.5 210 HRB 335 25 370.3 552.6 185 Table 3 Properties of Composite of CFRP Sheet Tensile Strength [MPa] Modulus of Elasticity [GPa] Elongation [%] Surface Density [g/m2] Nominal Thickness [mm] 3696 241 1.7 300 0.167 Design of Specimen.
The author recommends that the target displacement ductility μtar needs to be magnified and the magnification factor λ=1.5 is suitable.

The observed adsorption sequence can be explained by the ionic properties of the metal ions.
Separation factors (α21) were calculated for all binary systems to evaluate BC/Fe3O4's selectivity towards heavy metals.
The obtained separation factors across all systems further confirmed the affinity sequence of the three metals for BC/Fe3O4 following the order Pb²⁺ ≫ Cu²⁺ > Cr³⁺.
This reduced effectiveness can be primarily attributed to two factors.
This hydrolysis affects the surface properties and binding sites of the material, potentially leading to the formation of more stable metal-surface complexes that are more difficult to desorb.

The amelioration of the efficiency of photovoltaic conversion in organic solar cells can be obtained by minimizing losses in reflection and absorption in the transparent electrode/active layer interface involving increased absorption efficiency in the active layer which can be achieved by the use of TCOs with special optical and electrical properties.
The properties of the films depend on three parameters which are the deposition temperature, the oxygen pressure and the deposition time.
It is obvious that these mechanisms are affected by recombination phenomena that reduce the efficiency of the solar cell which can be expressed by the following equation: ηglobal= ηA. ηTC.FF.eVmax/hυ It is observed that the efficiency depends on absorption (ηA), the charge transfer efficiency (ηTC), the fill factor FF and the ratio of photon energy absorbed with the energy extracted eVmax/ hυ.
The choice of SnO2 deposited by APCVD is based on its optical and electronic properties: - a band gap of 3.6 to 4.06 eV - a high transmittance, more than 80 % in the visible spectrum - a refractive index n of 1.75 - a good conductivity - a resistivity of 7,6.10-5 Ω.cm - a bulk concentration 2,38.1021/cm3 - a sheet concentration 2,62 .1013/cm2 - a Hall mobility of 37 cm2/V.s - good thermal, chemical and mechanical stability - a low toxicity compared to other TCOs.
Rojer, Electrical and Optical Properties of Sb:SnO2 Thin Films Obtained by the Sol-Gel Method, Thin Solid Films, Vol. 295, N°1-2, (1997), pp. 95-100.