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Variable composition and characteristics undermine customers’ confidence who prefers primary materials with certified properties and at more competitive value/cost.
Subcontracting is another detrimental factor.
RECONMATIC Vision and Objectives Ajayi et al [19] identifies five main factors to be changed in the construction industry in the UK: ‘make-do for waste’ general understanding; non-collaborative culture between stakeholders involved in the waste value chain; preventive responsibilities shifted between designers and contractors; belief in waste inevitability; and conservatism, not allowing innovation.
These solutions permeate through the four main intervention stages of CDW management (design and construction; use and end of life; off-site sorting and logistics; and new materials derived from CDW) and generic issues affecting the whole waste value chain (i.e. traceability and assessment, training and dissemination).
Martinho, "Influence of construction company size on the determining factors for construction and demolition waste management," Waste Management, vol. 136, pp. 295-302, 2021

Its chemical properties, analyzed according to ASTM C114, are shown in Table 1.
The properties of PZT are shown in Table 2.
Properties of PZT ceramic material Parameter Properties Electromechanical coupling coefficient, κt 0.62 Piezoelectric voltage constant, g33 (mV-m/N) 23.9 Piezoelectric strain constant, d33 (pC/N) 650 Acoustic impedance (106 kg/m2-s) 22.42 Mechanical quality factor, Qm 70 Relative permittivity, εr 3400 Curie temperature (°C) 220 Velocity, Vd (m/s) 2950 Specific gravity, g 7.6 Ethanol is commonly used to stop the hydration reaction of cement in cement-based materials.
Zhang, “Influence of polarization on properties of 0–3 cement-based PZT composites,” Cem.
Li, “Cement-based piezoelectric sensor for monitoring of highway traffic I: Basic properties,” J.

It shows that the thermal process history has a significant effect on the microstructure and properties.
The properties of Si/Al composites depend not only on the content of Si but on the thermal process history of composites [6, 7].
The mechanism of properties affected by thermal processing was revealed, which would provide a theoretical guide to make reasonable thermal process for Si/Al composites.
Unfortunately the studies didn’t take in account the variation of Al matrix properties during heating.
The thermophysical properties of composite are affected by the thermal process history.

The nonlinear, time-varying, fluid-solid coupling properties of the hydraulic servo system are considered.
In fault diagnosis, the threshold directly affects the diagnosis performance.
Hydraulic cylinder is a common type of actuator in a hydraulic servo system, which can convert the hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.
The adaptive threshold is related to the main factors including system input, output, disturbance and parameters drifting over time, which are taken into account for non-linear system adaptive threshold modeling (Hongmei et al., 2009).
Usually, the time-domain features include root mean square (RMS), peak value, kurtosis, waveform-factor, etc.

The feeding device is an important part of the briquetting machine, and their work ability affects the capacity of the forming unit directly.
The screw diameter D: (1) In the formula, D—Screw diameter （m）；Q—output quantity （T/h）; γ—material bulk density （T/m3); Ψ—fill factor；K—Coefficient of material property；C—Correction factor.
According to the material properties, take parameters: K = 0.060,Ψ=0.2~0.25, A=30, C=1.0, the screw diameter: m (2) The screw diameter should be rounded up to the standard series, therefore, take the standard value D=0.25 m.
Primaries n = 60 r/min and check the fill factor: (4) Now Ψ=0.17<0.20～0.25, so reduce the speed of the screw conveyor n= 45 r/min and check the fill factor again: (5) Ψ is within the set range, so the speed of the screw is determined as n=45 r/min.
[3] Demirbas A, Sahin-Demirbas A, Briquetting properties of biomass waste materials, Energy Sources. 26(2004) 83-91

Introduction In digital impact experiment, material’s ductile-brittle properties and the process of specimen thrust were recorded accurately through force-displacement curve.
Fifteen parameters characterizing material’s ductile-brittle properties were measured[1], which is indisputably a qualitative change in comparison with the practice of only measuring one parameter(impact energy) in conventional impact experiment.
All these may affect sensor output.
Filter circuit was designed to avoid incorrect data of force collection caused by mechanical vibration and other uncertain factors during impact process.
CHINESE JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.

However, it is known that thermally modified wood may exhibit different degrees of resistance to termites, according to the wood product and heat treatment technique, among other factors (Unsal et al., 2009; Oliver-Villanueva et al., 2013; Brito et al., 2020), but is generally recognised as low (Salman et al., 2017). 2 COMBINED CHEMICAL AND THERMAL TREATMENT OF WOOD In order to improve the properties of thermally modified wood, there have been attempts to integrate chemical modification methods.
Improvement of mechanical properties of thermally modified hardwood through melamine treatment.
Thermal modification of wax-impregnated wood to enhance its physical, mechanical, and biological properties.
Changes in dimensional stability and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus pellita by melamine–urea–formaldehyde resin impregnation and heat treatment.
Effect of moderate temperature thermal modification combined with wax impregnation on wood properties.

The properties of extracted oil, such as saponification value and acid value, were determined to ascertain its suitability for biodiesel production.
The data entry is shown in Table 1. 2.3 Transesterification of Melia azedarach oil The transesterification of Melia azedarach was done while varying the following important factors which affect the reaction.
The predictive models for FFA conversion, given in term of coded factors of the applied factors, are presented in Equations 6, 7, 8, and 9.
The seeds of Melia azedarach, which have been established as an environmental problem, has been found to have favourable oil properties for biodiesel production.
With the favourable properties of the oil extract, it can be used as a supplementary feedstock for other inedible sources of biodiesel such as waste cooking oil.

However, a large obstacle for applications of DLC film is its low adhesiveness to various substrates, which is caused by two main factors: intrinsic residual stress and stable carbon bonds [2].
In previous studies, the formation of a hydrogen-containing DLC (a-C: H) /a-SiC layered thin film was achieved, and the effects of an a-SiC interlayer on its structure and mechanical properties were determined.
Robertson, Properties of Diamond-Like Carbon, Surf.
Shi, “Effectsn on deposition and mechanical properties of diamond-like carbon film using inert gases in methane plasma,” Thin Solid Films, Vol. 377-378, (2000) 198-202
Kato, Evaluation and Prediction of Mechanical Properties of DLC Films by Raman Spectroscopy (Part 2), J.

In many factors affecting the stability of roadway engineering, stress was one of the most important and the most fundamental factor.
Stress test data was to determine the mechanics property of rock mass, rock stability analysis and calculation , prediction of dynamic phenomenon, to achieve the necessary precondition of scientific design and mining decision.
The so-called borehole stress relief technique, isolating the rock which contain the stress meter applied from the stress field that was the surrounding rock stress applied by coring (set of core technology).Strain or displacement by observed, according to the basic principle of the stress-strain relationship, mechanical model of theory mechanics, calculate six component stress or three principal stress magnitude and direction.
Measuring points should be constructed parts as far as possible the more uniform distribution of representative in the study area, in order to have a general understanding of the stress distribution in the study area should be; 2) The lithology should be kept intact in the measurement period and near the measurement period; 3) The geological structure should be uniform in the measurement period and near the measurement period; avoiding the fault, fracture and bad geological structure. 4) In order to ensure the measuring point was in the original rock stress area that do not effect by engineering excavation disturbance, measuring hole depth should be the roadway or excavation chamber span more than 2.5 times, so the chamber span was large required measuring hole depth was greater, so the measurement should be as far as possible in a small span tunnel. 5) Tunnel construction period tight, could not provide enough time and space for stress testing, to nearby points; Considering the above factors