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The porosity mainly related to the water-cement ratio cement paste and the degree of cement hydration, Also with other factors such as conservation methods and system of the mineral composition of cement, additives and so on[3,4].
This paper combined the results of theoretical and experimental research, and mainly considered the change of porosity in different levels of steam-cured concretes and its main influencing factors with or without surface covering.
Mechanical properties of concretes are determined according to the Chinese National standard GBJ 81-1985.
The heat transfer process of internal concrete largely depends on the material properties of concrete, mix proportion and the hardening degree of concrete, and is inversely proportional to the heat transfer distance.
It is clear that different way of mineral admixtures combination affects the values of concretes porosity.

As the welding of stainless steel and copper belongs to dissimilar metal welding and their physical properties are very different, thus the welding process is difficult and it is likely to cause a variety of defects in the welding process.
In addition, after welding, the welding parts all appear deformation and thin-walled tubes are tend to have greater deformation which affects the quality of welding parts.
In the while, the cooling process between surface and inside and superimposed phase transition will also affect the axial residual stress distributions.
Analytical stress intensity factor solutions for resistance and friction stir spot welds in lap-shear specimens of different materials and thickness.
Effects of temperature-dependent material properties on welding simulation.

A composition of agglomerated ZnO-Cu powder and respective produced coatings were evaluated for fouling properties via antimicrobial activity test.
Affected shipping vessels will have an increase of weight, subsequent potential speed reduction and loss of manoeuvrability thus will require a frequent dry dock cycle which is costly and time consuming.
Our earlier publications have demonstrated the successful deposition of an antibacterial/ antifouling properties of ZnO-Al coatings using cold spraying.
The binder powder had an irregular morphology and the mechanical alloying process uses a high energy ball miller (Simoloyer, ZoZ GmbH, Germany).
The colony forming units (CFU) was calculated by multiplying the number of colonies by dilution factor.

Composites as a combination of materials Of course, in the design process it is necessary to take into account many other factors, such as impact resistance, wear or manufacturing costs.
For Kevlar 49 adverse event was observed depending on the measured mechanical properties of the base length (i.e. economies of scale).
There is a considerable scatter in mechanical properties.
The physical and mechanical properties of these structures are much superior to the properties of the graphite.
Their low density, high thermal conductivity and superb mechanical properties at elevated temperatures make them an ideal materials for many high performance/temperature application.

Chung 4 1,4 Pusan National University, 30 Jangueon-dong, Keumjeong-ku, Busan P.O.B 609-735, Korea 2 Department of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering, Inje University, Kimhae, Korea 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungsang National University, Kyungnam, Korea a moonby@pusan.ac.kr Keywords: Finite elements, Stress extrapolation, Knee Contact System, Tribology, Coating Failure.
Material properties of steel ( E = 200 GPa and ν=0.3) were prescribed to all models.
The stress intensity factor for this Mode I loading is given by the well-known formula: ( ) ( )baFaK II / 2/1 πσ= (1) where a is the crack length, b is the plate width and )/( baFI is obtained as )]2//[cos(]})2/sin(1[37.0)/(02.2752.0{)]2/tan()/2[()/( 3 2/1 ba ba ba baabbaFI π π ππ −+ + = (2) (a) (b) Fig. 2 (a) Finite element mesh of Model 1, showing full constraint along the left edge and uniform −x directed stress applied at right.
Their use may affect the present trends and conclusions.
References [1] Banks-Sills, L. and Sherman, D., "Comparison of methods for calculating stress intensity factors with quarter point elements."

Contact Damage in Brittle Curved Coatings: The Influence of Indenter/Coating Modulus Mismatches Tarek Qasim, Chris Ford, Mark Bush, Xiao-Zhi Hu School of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway Crawley W.A. 6009, Australia a tqasim@mech.uwa.edu.au, b chrisf@mech.uwa.edu.au, cmark.bush@uwa.edu.au, d xhu@mech.uwa.edu.au Keywords: Margin damage, Curved surfaces, Radial cracks, Crown failure.
The combination of a hard, brittle outer layer and a compliant, tough inner layer offers high wear resistance and damage tolerance, factors that are crucial to the lifetime of such structures.
These studies have enabled the determination for various damage modes of the dependencies of critical loads on geometrical variables such as coating thickness, indenter radius and sample radius, as well as on material properties such as interlayer elastic modulus mismatch.
Critical loads PR to initiate the radial cracks are significantly affected by the indenter modulus (Fig. 4).
All damage modes should be evaluated, as well as geometrical variables and materials properties.

Introduction While the unique physical and mechanical properties of loess making it have a greater change in strength and deformation after soaking, this have a greater influence on the stability and security of underground structures.
Coupled with complex topography, hydrogeology, climate and other conditions of the loess regions, these factors make a great security threat to loess tunnel stability, even operated for several years ,parts of tunnels appear serious disease, such as lining split, tunnel leakage, basement subsidence and floor heave[1~2].
Xi'an is located in the warm temperate semi-humid monsoon climate zone with more seasonal rainfall, and follow the increase in sudden severe weather recent years，these aggravate urban water accumulation in the rainy season, loess surrounding rock soaking will affect the tunnel lining system.
Finite Element Calculation Model According to the engineering geological conditions and the mechanical properties of surrounding rock, we adopt the plane elastic-plastic finite element method and D-P yield criterion for the simulation.

The mechanical properties of hydrogels are important design parameters in tissue engineering, as the gel must create and maintain a space for tissue development.
In addition, the adhesion and gene expression of cells are tightly related to the mechanical properties of the polymer scaffold [2].
Hydrogels designed for tissue engineering scaffolds may contain pores large enough to accommodate living cells releasing growth factors and creating pores into which living cells may penetrate and proliferate [3].
The seeding and proliferation efficiency were affected by the pore size of the scaffolds.

The ECAP process, the most prominent representative of the SPD method, is attractive because it leads to significant grain refinement, typically to the submicrometer range, and this introduces superior mechanical properties including high strength at room temperature [5,6], if the grains are stable at elevated temperatures, a superplastic capability at reasonably rapid strain rates[7,8,9].
For more details on the principles of ECAP processing and attainable microstructures and mechanical properties, see Refs. [7,10].
UFG materials generally reveal only a small strain hardening capability, but mechanical instability like necking can also be prevented by strain rate dependent deformation behavior.
The SRS is affected by many factors: the grain size (d), the dislocation, the temperature (T), the strain rate (), the processing route and so on.
Conrad: The Cryogenic Properties of Metals.

Moore's law describes a driving force of technological and social change in the late 20th and early 21st centuries [2].Numerous innovations by a large number of scientists and engineers have become significant factors in the sustenance of Moore’s law since the beginning of the integrated circuit era.
In most approaches, a hybrid technology is envisioned, where Si still remains the handling substrate for fabrication processing, heat transport, and mechanical support purposes, with a new semiconductor integrated on the top for enhanced device operations or added new functionalities.
The unique electron transport properties and band structure of nano tubes.
They have attracted much of an attention recently because of their remarkable electronic and mechanical properties[1].
These densities are determined by the Fermi-Dirac probability distribution: (2) (3) (4) Where, D(E) is the density of states, f is the Fermi probability distribution, E represents the energy levels per nanotube unit length, and USF and UDF are defined as USF = EF - qVSC (5) UDF = EF - qVSC - qVDS (6) Where, EF is the Fermi level, q is the electronic charge and VSC represents the self-consistent voltage whose presence in these equations illustrates that the CNT energy band is affected by external terminal voltages.