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Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 2 Experimental The deposition of 100 nm thick nickel contacts was performed by e-gun evaporation at a pressure of 1×10-8 mbar and an average rate of 5 nm/s.
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 3 Fig.3 XPS depth profiles of samples annealed in O2 at four different temperatures: a) as-dep b) 440°C c) 500°C d) 600°C 0 20 40 60 80 100 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 T=600°C Au O Ti W depth (nm) 0 20 40 60 80 100 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 Atomic Concentration (%) Au O Ti W depth (nm) Atomic Concentration (%) 0 20 40 60 80 100 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 T=500°C Au O Ti W Atomic Concentration (%) depth (nm) 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 T=440°C depth (nm) Atomic Concentration (%) Au O Ti W a) b) c) d) Fig. 3.
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 4 At 600°C we have performed also SIMS depth profiles to investigate the region near the ohmic contact.
Probably oxygen diffuses through Au grain boundaries.

Examples are taken from intrinsic diffusion and interdiffusion data in a number of binary and ternary alloys.
Furthermore, in contrast to standard tracer serial sectioning experiments, it is also not straightforward to estimate possible contributions to chemical diffusion processes from grain boundary diffusion processes.
Indeed, it is probably fair to say that rather little is known about chemical diffusion in the presence of grain boundaries.
The Sum-rule reduces the number of independent phenomenological coefficients.

Although a number of monazite processing methods are commercially used, they have some limitations.
Due to these methods, monazite can be cleaned of a number of impurities as early as the first stage of chemical processing.
The authors identified four main types of monazite in terms of grain shape, color, transparency and composition [12].
The studies demonstrate that, despite insufficient leaching rates of monazite, a number of methods for stimulating the nitric-acid pressure monazite leaching process significantly increased the REE recovery rate (from ~ 20 % to 60 %).

In nanostructured materials, where the density of grain- and interphase-boundaries is high, the diffusion and kinetics of surface segregation, i.e. the effective material flow is always influenced by the contributions of these boundaries [1].
This deviation is a real "nano-effect", because after dissolving a certain number of layers (long time or macroscopic limit), the interface shift returns to the Fickian behaviour independently of the input parameters (see Fig. 5).
Although, JI also decreases with increasing time/number of layer dissolved, but Jβ decreases much faster.
Following the phenomenological definition of K, JI=K(ce-c) (c and ce denote the current and the equilibrium composition at the interface, respectively) and comparing this to the JI in the discrete model we obtain: [5] ( )kTQzK K v −≅ expν with QK=E0+zlV+mkT/2, where E0 and zl are the saddle point energy and the lateral coordination number, respectively.
The sharpening can be qualitatively predicted from the classical Fick I law although it is not able to provide the correct kinetics on nanoscale. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 10 20 30 layer number Atomic fraction of Mo t = 0 t > 0 Fig. 7 Composition distribution during intermixing in one period of a Mo/V multilayer calculated from an atomistic model, as in [3].

Meanwhile, it impedes the formation of precipitate-free zone (PFZ) along grain boundary and therefore decreases the corrosion sensitivity of Al-Li alloys [4].
Accordingly, a large number of d¢ precipitates are observed, which are attached to q¢¢ precipitates (Fig.2-a).
Weak spots of T1 precipitates in the [112]Al SAED pattern are found and a small number of T1 precipitates are observed (Fig.2-b).
While, the number density of T1 precipitates is further increased with a little reduction in diameter (Fig.3-f).
In the alloy after predeformation-free aging for 58 h (peak-aging), there exist a large number of T1 precipitates with a small number of S¢ (Al2CuMg) precipitates (Fig.4-a).

Definition 3 The number of characters contained in LI is called Leaf Information Length . recorded as LIL.
For technical convenience, the number of key operations are merely considered.
n: the length of query string, that is, the number of terms in query string.
The LI encryption updating algorithm includes two layers of nested operations, which the execution times of outer layer is M , the number of terms in the list, and that of the internal layer is m which is the number of terms in a WG.
References [1] Xian Hequn and Feng Dengguo:A Query Rewriting Algorithm Supporting Attribute Grain Database Encryption.

A number of previous studies on titanium dioxide (TiO2) proven the presence of anatase has enhance hydroxyapatite (HAP) precipitation on TiO2 surface which beneficial for biomedical usage especially in dental and orthopedics.
However, their result were not supported the discussion and they suggested that a larger grain size of rutile was accountable to the result.

Clustering is an important tool for data analysis, unsupervised learning, data graining and information compression.
The function number of KP is () and the function number of KP is ().
(1) The LKP of and is and ;, , is the functional perfection degree, functional number and level number of KP respectively., , is the functional perfection degree, functional number and level number of KP respectively.
is the same functional number as that of KP in .
Let , i.e, the level number of LKP is the same.

The electrodes were numbered consecutively from left to right and top to bottom; odd-numbered electrodes were used for potential measurements and even-numbered electrodes for current injection.
By generating seismic waves at one point and observing their arrival times at a number of other points in the surface of the earth, it is possible to determine velocity distribution and locate subsurface interfaces where the waves are reflected or refracted [20].
Under polarized microscope, this limestone shows a micritic matrix and a detritic fraction, mostly composed of quartz grains, feldspars, glauconite and quartzite [24].
Like many historic buildings in north-west Portugal, this cathedral was constructed from Porto granite, a light grey, two-mica, medium-grained hypidiomorphic granite, that yellows with weathering and is highly ductile-brittle deformed [25].
In a small number of studied blocks (5%) that had also been subjected to fire, the method made it possible to detect a horizontal interface and calculate a superficial weathering layer with an average thickness of 1.6±0.3 cm.

The average thickness of mining 2# coal bed is 3.6meters, dip angle is 2~70, false roof in thickness is 0.02~0.15 meters, it is composed by black mudstone and sandy mudstone; the immediate roof is composed by black mudstone, its thickness is 2.0 meters; the upper roof is composed by k8 medium-grained white sandstone, its thickness is 10.0m, the jointing of coal bed roof growths, after mining, the roof can inbreak naturally.
Based on the fractal geometry theory, the experiment covers the distribution of certain rock mass fracture with different scale(r) grid square, and observes the corresponding fracture number in different scale grid square, that fracture length is greater than or equal to the length of corresponding grid square, its number and scale according to the following fractal law: N(r)∝r-D, this relationship is expressed in double logarithmic coordinates, the experiment can receive the relational curve of lgN(r) ~lg(r), the relations in the double logarithmic coordinate system is the simple linear relationship, the absolute value of the linear slope is the fractal dimension D.
This papers cover the figure with the r=20, 10, 5, 2.5 to square, counts the fracture number, respectively, counts the value of lgN(r) and lg(r), obtains the double logarithmic figure using least squares method to fit best linear, such as figure 5, at last, counts the fractal dimension value, for example table 1.