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Further, HIPing enables suppression of grain growth, which can improve strength and toughness [41].
A number of pulled out grains and/or micropores can be seen in this figure.
The contact point between fibres is a crack source and therefore the number of direct fibre contacts has a negative effect on the stress-intensity factor.
The number of direct contacts was much higher for the 30 vol% fibre addition.
Besides these blemishes, a number of large voids can be clearly observed around the fibres.

Introduction Gas-solid heterogeneous reactions take place in a large number of domains, whether at the natural state or at industrial scale.
Due to its nature, on the sulfide phase, diffusion can occur by two ways inside the ZnS phase, in the bulk through solid-state diffusion via point defects and/or through the grain boundaries between ZnS particles.
(4) where nv is the number of vacancy defects, N the number of lattice sites in the crystal, T the temperature, k the Boltzmann constant and ΔHf the formation energy of one Schottky defect (corresponding to the pair formed by one anion and one cation defect).
XRD diffractograms (Fig. 2) correspond in both cases to zinc oxide wurtzite phase (ICDD file number 00-036-1451).
Li+)and ii) simulations considering different diffusion mechanisms (e.g. interstitial mechanism) and iii) the investigation of the diffusion through grain boundaries.

Fig. 1A shows: before adsorption of CV, PMMT grains are rough, and its dispersion is muddy, slightly yellow, even has precipitation phenomenon with a rest-time of growth.
While LMSH grains are exquisite, and its dispersion is clear, light blue, shows good dimensional stability.
These changes mainly depend on the numbers of exchangeable ions, CV molecule, and the charge distribution between the layers in the same material amount.
On the other, a large number of O atoms and -OH groups exist in the layer surface of PMMT, which also have the ability of surface adsorption. 
On the other, in the end face of LMSH layer, a large number of O atoms and -OH groups exist and can carry on the surface adsorption with CV molecule. 

When number of cycle freezing-defrosting increases, damages of concrete are collected, and its durability decreases.
Scaling of the samples is measured after a well defined number of freeze-thaw cycles and leads to an estimate of the resistance of the tested concrete against frost damage.
The next step is to define relative decreasing in strength of material under different number of term cycles.
Concrete’s frost resistance is defined by number of thermo cycles, which necessary for decreasing in strength in limits, stipulated by the standard.
Next generation concrete on the basis of fine-grained dry powder mixes (2012) Magazine of Civil Engineering, 34(8), pp. 47-53

The results showed that with the increase of chip thickness, grain refinement effect weakened, deformation uniformity aggravated and oxygen content of CRP billet decreased.
Number NO. 1 NO. 2 NO. 3 NO. 4 hD /(mm) 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 hch /(mm) 0.21 0.43 0.65 0.88 ξ 1.05 1.075 1.083 1.10 3.2 Microstructures of CRP billet Table 3 shows the relative density of CRP billet.
Number NO. 1 NO. 2 NO. 3 NO. 4 ρr /(%) 98.27 98.13 98.05 97.92 Fig. 4 shows microstructures of four kinds of CRP billet.
Number NO. 1 NO. 2 NO. 3 NO. 4 Solid Fraction / (%) 79.42 79.53 79.48 79.60 Average Particle Diameter / (μm) 91.58 91.88 91.43 91.69 Average Shape Factor 1.68 1.65 1.67 1.64 3.4 Oxidation of semi-solid billet The oxidation of CRP semi-solid Billet is semi-quantitative analyzed by EDS, and the oxygen content of four kinds of CRP semi-solid billets are list in Table 5.
Number NO. 1 NO. 2 NO. 3 NO. 4 Oxygen content /(%) 1.76 1.68 1.57 1.49 In order to describe the distribution of oxygen, elemental maps scan is carried out taking NO.1 CRP semi-solid billet as example by EPMA, which is shown in Fig. 6.

Examples are taken from intrinsic diffusion and interdiffusion data in a number of binary and ternary alloys.
Furthermore, in contrast to standard tracer serial sectioning experiments, it is also not straightforward to estimate possible contributions to chemical diffusion processes from grain boundary diffusion processes.
Indeed, it is probably fair to say that rather little is known about chemical diffusion in the presence of grain boundaries.
The Sum-rule reduces the number of independent phenomenological coefficients.

The electrodes were numbered consecutively from left to right and top to bottom; odd-numbered electrodes were used for potential measurements and even-numbered electrodes for current injection.
By generating seismic waves at one point and observing their arrival times at a number of other points in the surface of the earth, it is possible to determine velocity distribution and locate subsurface interfaces where the waves are reflected or refracted [20].
Under polarized microscope, this limestone shows a micritic matrix and a detritic fraction, mostly composed of quartz grains, feldspars, glauconite and quartzite [24].
Like many historic buildings in north-west Portugal, this cathedral was constructed from Porto granite, a light grey, two-mica, medium-grained hypidiomorphic granite, that yellows with weathering and is highly ductile-brittle deformed [25].
In a small number of studied blocks (5%) that had also been subjected to fire, the method made it possible to detect a horizontal interface and calculate a superficial weathering layer with an average thickness of 1.6±0.3 cm.

Fiber reinforced strain hardening cementitious composite is very deformable fine-grained concrete with the matrix based on Portland cement reinforced with short fibers.
The number of micro cracks increases during another load, but the width of each of micro cracks is not increasing, and remains stable at 60 μm [1] until the time when one of the multiple cracking fails by fracture.

There is about 1.35 tons of rice straw per ton of grain harvested.
The oil contains a large number of oxygenated organic compounds, with a wide range of molecular weight.
Figure 6 shows the viscosity and pH value of the oil as a function of the number of days of storage at room temperature.
Results of aging test: (a) viscosity and (b) pH value as a function of the number of days of storage.

AMAG TopForm® SPF is a 5083 alloy which was developed for superplastic forming by means of a special alloy composition and processing route to achieve a very homogeneous fine grain structure after re-heating to forming temperature.
Challenges With the growing understanding of the influence of alloy composition and processing on properties of components the number of specially adjusted alloys for various applications has led to an increase in the number of alloys over the past 10 years.
This larger number of alloys combined with numerous heat treatment and other processing steps led to a dramatic increase of complexity in manufacturing of high quality aluminium components.