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Online since: January 2010
Authors: M. Wagih, M. Shahtout, A. Kady
Fig. 1 Process route of DP600 at EZDK Results and discussion Table 3 illustrates the model results of the developed model for 2.8 mm thickness where there is good correlation between the predicted results of the model and the actual results of the samples concerning the ferrite grain size, reduction/stand, rolling speeds, mean flow strength and other important rolling parameters affecting final austenite grain size.
N ppm 0.06 0.37 1 0.62 0.04 47 time Temperature Input Data Chemical composition, Roll diameter /stand, rotation speed /stand, roll force /stand, deformation temp/stand, product width, thickness/stand and roll material/stand Output Data Recommended reheating temp., fraction softening/stand, mean flow strength/stand, grain size /stand, final austenite grain size, ferrite grain size, and cooling rate Model Calculations Exit speed /stand, interpass time between stands, MISAKA and SIMS mean flow strength/stand, temp. of no recrystallization, Peak strain, critical strain/stand, transition strain, accumulated strain, Type of recrystallization "Static, metadynamic, transition", uunrecrystallized grain size, mean grain size/stand and Mean flow strength after dynamic recrystallization,.
°C Th.mm Total reduction% Holding Temp., °C 540 560 580 600 620 640 6602.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 Thickness TS MPa STD 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 3.8 mm 3.2 mm 2.8 mm Coiling temp.
Online since: October 2004
Authors: Xiao Bao Chen, Hong Wang Ma, Hua Fu Chen
So reduction factor vR can be obtained y vR αα/=
(4) According to the relationship between the reduction factor and the ductility factor [5], the ductility factor for a structure under the severe earthquake can be obtained as     > − + ≤ − + = n V n nV TT R TT TTR * 053.1 *053.1* )]1(74.0[1 ]/)1(74.0[1 µ
Two PC frames (sketch of frame as Fig. 2) are taken as analysis examples, data are listed in Table 2.
PEER-1999/02, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center College of Engineering, (University of California, Berkeley, 1999) [5] Peter Fajfar: A nonlinear analysis method for performance-based seismic design, 16(3), (Earthquake Spectra, 2000), p. 573~592 Table 2 Analysis data about response of frames under the severe earthquake Frame *T yu [cm] yα α VR µ * su [cm] 1Γ su uu [cm] A 0.8 6.5 0.4 0.496 1.24 1.16 7.54 1.297 9.78 32.3 B 0.8 6.82 0.434 0.496 1.144 1.095 7.468 1.28 9.59 27.1 Side Disp.
Online since: August 2014
Authors: Wei Dong Liu, Yun Hong Ding, Jin Chang, Ke Xu
Through sub-critical water modification, macromolecular compounded into smaller molecules to reduce viscosity and improved heavy oil exploitation effectively. 2.3 Catalytic modification Although the thermal cracking can reduce the viscosity of heavy oil , the viscosity reduction rate is only about 21.5% , which is still far from industrial exploitation of viscosity requirements , requiring additional catalyst for heavy oil catalytic modification.
However, water only provide a small amount of hydrogen ions, the amount of viscosity reduction required is enormous, so hydrogen donor was studied to increase the supply of hydrogen ions.
Table 2 Comparative measured data of Crude oil and thermal recovery Elements Crude oil TM SWM CM CMH Molecular Weight 528 532 476 316 208 20˚CDensity,g/mL 0.9738 0.9760 0.9402 0.9393 0.8725 50˚CViscosity,mPa·S 2740 2920 2150 1390 780 four  componens analyst % saturates 37.53 37.84 39.27 44.21 48.35 aromatics 14.28 14.52 15.94 24.63 33.66 resins 46.72 45.89 43.56 30.59 17.65 asphaltenes 1.47 1.75 1.23 0.57 0.34 Elements analyst wt% C 86.93 87.70 86.68 86.21 85.76 H 11.45 11.40 12.23 12.78 13.80 S 0.39 0.38 0.08 0.04 0.01 N 0.72 0.72 0.61 0.60 0.30 O 0.51 0.50 0.40 0.37 0.13 As can be seen from Table 2: (1) After Chengbei heavy oil thermal modification(TM), the average molecular weight increased, after sub-critical water modification(SWM), Catalytic modification(CM) and Catalytic modification with hydrogen donor(CMH), the average molecular weight decreased, indicating the main directions of TM carrying out condensation reaction , SWM, CM, and CMH getting fission
Table 3 Comparative Structural parameters data of Crude oil and thermal recovery Elements Crude oil TM SWM CM CMH H/C 1.5801 1.5619 1.6818 1.7670 1.9181 CT 38.2174 38.5378 34.3544 22.6830 14.8527 HT 60.4560 60.6480 58.2148 40.3848 28.704 fA 0.2198 0.2368 0.1554 0.0996 0.0059 fN 0.3338 0.2976 0.3193 0.4049 0.52098 fP 0.4464 0.4654 0.5253 0.4955 0.4731 RT 4.7893 4.6497 3.5772 2.3608 1.4565 RA 1.6000 1.7821 0.8349 0.0649 -0.4779 RN 3.1893 2.8677 2.7423 2.2959 1.93448 RA/ RN 0.5017 0.6214 0.3045 0.0283 -0.2471 CI 0.2002 0.2012 0.1627 0.1333 0.0760 As can be seen from Table 3: (1) The H / C in SWM, CM and CMH increased, which described heavy chain scission reaction taking place in the hydrogenation of the modified process, and macromolecules asphaltenes ,resins and other heavy components significantly reducing to low levels , hydrogen donor rising activity of free radicals , increasing the cracking and preventing coking
Online since: September 2024
Authors: Ta Na Bao, Wen Hui Liu, Yan Chao Sun, Altan Bolag
As the particles of the material become smaller, the path of the X-rays through the material becomes more complex, resulting in a reduction in the intensity of the diffracted beam.
In addition, the smaller the particle size of the material, the greater its surface area to volume ratio, which also leads to a reduction in the intensity of the diffracted beam.
Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) curve and the pore size distribution of the AQ/SBA-15 composites are shown in Fig. 4, the corresponding data are listed in Table 2.
Rate capability data.
Online since: October 2014
Authors: Cheng Tung Chong, Simone Hochgreb
Despite improved understanding of the breakup of a liquid jet by a high-speed turbulent gas jet, there is little experimental data suitable for validation regarding the spatial distribution of droplet size and velocity within the spray as a function of spray geometry and fuel properties.
The increase of ALR reduces droplet SMD value significantly, up to about a value of 4, beyond which there is insignificant reduction of SMD due to the near choking limit at nozzle.
For ALR beyond 4, reduction of droplet SMD becomes insignificant due to near choking limit at the nozzle outlet.
The data can be used for injector and spray modelling, while the atomizer can be utilised to develop lab-scale burner for fuel combustion testing.
Online since: June 2014
Authors: Cosme Roberto Moreira Silva, R.A. Muñoz, J.E. Rodriguez, A.C.M. Rodrigues, Paola Cristina Cajas
The software Search-Match was used to identify and to compare the crystal structure obtained in this work with the data available at International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD).
The sintering curve S1 strongly promotes the grain growth, resulting in the reduction of the density of grain boundaries, fact that could increase its electrical behavior.
This result provides beneficial effects on the electrical behavior of the material attributed to the resistivity reduction of the grain boundary which causes an increase in the total conductivity of the ceramic from 1.35 E-5 E-5 to 2.15 Ω-1 cm-1 at 400 ° C.
Online since: October 2013
Authors: Abu Bakar Sulong, Hafizawati Zakaria, Rajabi Javad, Aziz Hasyimah, Abdolali Fayyaz, Norhamidi Muhamad
A B C D Time[HH:MM:SS] Torque(Nm) A B C D Solids loading reduction is considered to be a damage for the process because the components undertakes a higher shrinkage which lead to a more difficult dimensional product control .
This is related to the powder volume reduction , arising from larger binder expansion and disentanglement of the molecular chain when heating process [15].
In other words, the viscosity data shows the feedstock flowability.
All value of viscosity feedstock is in consistency with level less than 45 Pa.s, all value of Shear rate data are in the range 10 2 – 105 S-1 as well.
Online since: July 2013
Authors: Thomas Pretorius, Kirill Khlopkov, Georg Paul
Introduction Modern high performance steels such as high-strength IF (HX) steels for stretch-forming and deep-drawing processes or advanced high strength steels (AHSS) are well established materials for automotive body in white weight reduction and safety improvement [1].
Experimental Details The experimental data of softening kinetics have been measured using a MMC deformation dilatometer and a Bähr deformation dilatometer of type DIL 805 D over the last decade [8, 9].
In order to evaluate the softening kinetics from stress-strain curves the off-set method with the reference strain of 0,01 (1% of height reduction) has been used.
Based on our own experimental kinetics data of static recrystallization for 20 different steels, the following modeling parameters have been derived (Table 1).
Online since: January 2018
Authors: Meiry Gláucia Freire Rodrigues, F.M.N. Silva, Erivaldo Genuíno Lima
Fluorescence Spectroscopy X-ray Energy Dispersive and crystallinity data for the samples synthesized in this work.
The results show that there was a decrease in crystallinity by incorporation of metal oxides of molybdenum, nickel and cobalt, with a small reduction can be justified by impregnating low levels in the samples.
According to the International Data Center library is Diffractional (JCPDS) DRX obtained for the MoO3 (JCPDS registration: 47-1320) discloses the presence of a monoclinic material whose identified peaks (2θ) are: 12.78, 23.34, 25.71, 25.92, 27.32, 33.13, 33.77, 38.99, 39.67, 45.78, 46.31, 52.82, 57.69 and 58.84°, Fig. 2 (a).
The peak intensities of MoO3/HMOR catalysts NiO/HMOR and Co2O3/HMOR, Fig. 2 (b), 3 (b) and 4 (b), showed a reduction, this decline in intensity peaks also implies the entry of oxides of the metals molybdenum, nickel and cobalt for mordenite zeolite channels.
Online since: July 2015
Authors: Jae Kyoo Lim, Han Ju Park, Gin Ho Kim, Yong Gon Lee, Cheol Min Yang, Myung Goo Hwang, Hee Yong Kang
Table 3 is a tensile strength data about comparative analysis in accordance with the fiber length in parent and weld.
When the weld specimens mixed short carbon fibers with 1mm-15wt.% compared to the parent, it showed a 79% reduction in tensile strength.
In the specimens of 3mm-15wt.% it is a relatively small reduction of 61% in tensile strength.
Table 5-2 is a data that 0~0.05mm (50μ) is 51-53% level, 0.05~0.09mm (90μ) is 20-21% level, 0.09~0.18mm (180μ) appeared as 18-20% level.
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