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On the other hand the scheme of main stresses effects on grain size and microstructure formation of the processed metal.
Pilarczyk, “Analysis of reasons for increase of tensile, yield strength and number of twists of wires drawn in pressure dies”, Wire Journal International, vol. 34, iss. 7, 2011, pp. 138-147
Nikitenko, “The possibility of manufacturing long-length metal products with ultra-fine grain structure by combination of strain effects”, Key Engineering Materials, vol. 685, 2016, pp. 487-491, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.685.487

Investigation of micro-machinability and machinability criteria are very complicate due to very much numbers of influential factors and very complicate cutting mechanism (Fig 1).
Lauro et al. [9] analysed the cutting forces in micro-milling on hardened AISI H13 steel with different grain sizes.
Baldo, Analysis of the forces in micromilling of hardened AISI H13 steel with different grain sizes using the Taguchi methodology, Advances in Mechanical Engineering. 2014 (2014) 1 – 10

The d-value of acidified Stellerite doesn’t change much (Fig.3), the number and position of the characteristic spectral line almost keep unchanged.
At last, nanometer particles polymerize and grow into nanometer grain and have a further transformation to micron grain.

Although the ceramics had high melting points, the ceramics grains could still melt.
All these factors resulted in very high temperatures on the rubbing surfaces, especially on the rubbing ceramic surface, which caused the ceramics grains to melt.
In addition to the peaks of the above elements, XPS spectrum of worn surface of Si3N4 sample contained a number of other elements, Fe and Cr.

Introduction The number of scrap tires reaches 200 million every year in China.
It can be a little lower for the medium-grained and coarse-grained RAM.

Their distinctive performances in high hardness, high strength, good resistance and low coefficient of thermal expansion that could not be found in monolithic materials have promoted a number of applications in different areas.
It is well known that the fine nano-Al2O3 particle dispersed in the matrix can increase the moving resistance of the dislocation and sub-grain boundary effectively.
Grain growth of Al-4Cu-Mg alloy during isothermal heat treatment.

Further studies showed that excellent subsurface microstructural uniformity was achieved in overlapping laser irradiation without forming crystalline grain boundaries [5].
The proposed laser irradiation technique offers a number of advantages: (i) involving no material removal thus preserving the workpiece dimension; (ii) generating no pollutants; (iii) enabling selective processing and processing of complex shapes.
The average size of the abrasive grains was approximately 2 m.

They discovered that the grain size, the amount of grain boundary and the density of the samples are important properties in the ionic conductivity.
The SEM also evaluates the milling process effect for decrease the number and the size of agglomerates.

This is the reason why SAF 2707HD hyperduplex stainless steel has an excellent resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion having pitting resistance equivalent number (PRE) of 49 based on formula PRE = %Cr + 3.3%Mo + 16%N [2].
These carbides gowth rapidly along grain boundaries or in the interface austenite-ferrite at temperature of 700°C - 900°C[13].
This is shown in Figure 1(b) at the weld metal and Figure 2 (b)-(c) at the HAZ as black dottet distributed at austenite phase and in the grain boundaries of ferrite-austenite phases as reported by Zucato et.al[20].

The parameters mainly influencing this process are the laser beam diameter, the laser power and the number of repetitions [8].
Due to the fact that the individual grains have different orientations, they react differently to the remelting process.
The varying deformation of neighbouring grains forms a step structure [18].