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However, the precipitates can play a number of roles in the total thermal-mechanical history of the material.
This is consistent with TEM observations which show that the number of Orowan loops around the precipitates increase with deformation strain for these samples.
The number of lath shaped particles decreases and plate shaped particles appear.
a) b) c) d) Fig.5 a) Evolution of yield stress during annealing, b) cell structure in sample aged 7days at 325oC, cold rolled 40% and then annealed at 325oC for 100 min c) dislocation network and d) recrystallized grain in sample aged 7 days at 250oC, cold rolled 40% and then annealed at 325 oC for 7 days (Note: equilibrium phases Q and β formed during annealing). 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 Time (s) YS (MPa) SSS-Aged 325C,7days-CR40%-Annealed 325C SSS-Aged 250C,7days-CR40%-Annealed 325C4.

And we can compare the two models in Table 1: Table 1: The similarity between two models Model Status Trigger Factor Event Sand Pile Model Angle changing Increase grains of sand Sand pile collapse CFF Model System components be impacted Inclement weather is continuing System components are damaged The components are damaged as the power law distribution characteristic in inclement weather.
(9) Where represents the failure probability of single component, is the number of components that can result in the loss of node load.
(10) Where represents the probability of the loss of node load, is the repairing time of faulty component, is the number of components that can result in the loss of node load.
(12) Where is the node load, is the probability of the loss of node load, is the number of the node load, is the power shutdown time of node load.

It is a number describing how much that sample resists the flow of electricity; resistivity is measured in units of ohm meters.
Comparisons are made between different two alloys. [8] The reason why resistivity increases with increasing temperature is that the number of imperfection in the atomic lattice structure increases with temperature and this hampers electron movement.
In time, these copper-rich compounds migrate to the metallic grain boundaries and they interfere with movement between slip-planes as load is applied to the material. 2.2 Quenching Process Cold water is the most common quenching medium.
Elastic deformation is a change in shape of a material at low stress that is recoverable after the stress is removed, but Plastic deformation involves the breaking of a limited number of atomic bonds by the movement of dislocations.

The absorption peak of MoO3 in the Ni-doping catalyst gradually moved to lower wave number areas compared with that of the pure Fe-Mo catalyst.
Moreover, the absorption peaks locations moved significantly to the low wave number area.
Thus, an increasing number of lattice oxygen (O2-) in the catalyst would improve its activity.
Excessive amounts of Ni will damage the structure of Fe2 (MoO4)3, the addition of Ni not only reduces Mo5+ content but also influences the grain structure of the catalyst and changes the state of Mo species.

These include depth of cut, mesh size of grinding wheel, and the number of processes from the rough machining to the finishing machining.
In this case as well, increasing the number of processes produced superior surface characteristics.
In the future, we will be working to produce micro tools with even greater strength and higher quality by using materials such as fine-grain sintered super-hard alloy and binderless alloy
+1.476 -1.398 0.107 0.069 5m mm +1.476 -1.398 0.107 0.069 5m mm (a) Depth of cut of 1 m +0.2 -0.2 0.065 0.105 5m mm +0.2 -0.2 0.065 0.105 5m mm (b) Depth of cut of 0.5 m Figure 4: Effect of depth of cut on obtained surface characteristics. 55m Edge 55m55m Edge 55m Edge 55m Edge (a) #1,200 (b) #4,000 Figure 5: Effect of grinding wheel mesh size on obtained surface characteristics (pyramid shape micro tool). 10'm10'm 10'm10'm (a) Two processing steps (b) Four processing steps Figure 6: Effect of number of processes on obtained surface characteristics. 105m 25m 105m 25m25m 205m 155m 205m 155m (a) Ultra precise tool (b) Extremely large aspect ratio micro tool Figure 7: Overviews of produced micro tools under optimum machining conditions.

Kim and Hong [7] suggested that the irregular shaped polygons are semi-columnar intermetallic grains with the brittle nature.
Fig. 4 Back-scattered electron image (a), EDS spectra (b,c) from surfaces marked by number 1 (b), 2(c) and electron mapping images of Al (d) on the peeled-off interface surface of Cu-Cr side Fig.5 Back-scattered electron image (a), EDS spectra (b-e) from surface marked by number 1 (b), 2(c), 3(c) and 4(d) in the peeled-off fracture surface of Cu-Cr side of hybrid composite heat-treated at 450℃ for 1.5hr.
Fig.6 Back-scattered electron image (a), EDS spectra (b-e) from surface marked by number 1 (b), 2(c), 3 (c) and 4 (d) in the fracture surface of Cu-Cr side at 450℃ for 1.5hr.

By now, a number of investigations aimed at studying the possibility to prepare monophase materials and composites on the basis of such a UDD powder have been performed.
Only in [1], a scheme of development of the granular structure in UDD-based polycrystals, which includes the stages of formation of dense aggregates and centers of collective grain growth on their base, has been presented.
On the whole, such dependence is likely to exist, but it manifests itself through the change in density of specimens, i.e., the higher the density of the specimens, the larger the number of monolithic clusters in their microstructures.
The size of clusters, which is determined by the number of particles being in contact, slightly changes (does not exceed 20 nm) to a sintering temperature ≤ 1500 °C.

The general morphology of coating internal microstructure can be explained by the theory of metal solidification [10].Due to the large temperature gradient and low solidification speed, the bottom of the coating mainly consists of large cellular crystal and columnar crystal, crystalline grains grow from interface to the coating center with obvious directivity.
As the solidification front goes on to the coating surface, the temperature gradient decreases but solidification speed increases, Coating microstructure turn into a large number of dendritic structure and under the effect of agitation by laser the growth direction becomes disorderly, as illustrated in Fig. 2(b).
The nonuniformity of the coating microstructure caused by the strong stirring effect of laser and the existence of large number of hard phases W, WSi2 lead to the friction coefficient slight fluctuation.
(1) The main microstructure of the Ni-W-Si coating are primary W dendrite, large number of needle-like or lamellar W/WSi2 eutectics that filled in the interdendritic region and some (Fe, Ni) solid solution

The availability of comprehensive concrete property data is complicated in a number of cases.
Fracture mechanics has a great deal of attention in research, there is a wealth of data to be found but there are a number of limitations to available information and their validity is often limited for AAM.
However, the number of samples alone gives research area for testing.
Springer, Berlin, 2008, ISBN 978-3-540-69895-1 [9] Kucharczykova, B., Topolar, L., Danek, P., Kocab, D., Misak, P., Comprehensive Testing Techniques for the Measurement of Shrinkage and Structural Changes of Fine-Grained Cement-Based Composites during Ageing.

After 5 ks of mechanical alloying (Fig. 1, b), decrease in the number of particles with size from 5 to 20 μm is observed, the powders have a plate-like shape with pronounced planes.
The number of particles with irregular shape has increased at the processing time of 15 ks (Fig. 1, d), the number of particles larger than 100 μm has decreased.
[4] Pan, D., Xu, Q., Liu, B. et al., Modeling of grain selection during directional solidification of single crystal superalloy turbine blade castings.