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Table 1 Mechanical parameters for the model Elastic modulus Compressive strength Poisson ratio Weibull parameters Mean value [MPa] Homogeneity index Mean value [MPa] Homogeneity index Mean value Homogeneity index glass 73000 7 800 7 0.22 100 Table 2 The numbers of failed elements in the model failure process λ =0.0 λ =-1.0 λ =1.0 Step Number of failed elements Cummulated number of failed elements Step Number of failed elements Cummulated number of failed elements Step Number of failed elements Cummulated number of failed elements 50 0 0 69 0 0 78 0 0 51 1 1 70 1 1 79 1 1 52 0 1 71 0 1 80 0 1 53 0 1 72 0 1 81 0 1 54 1 2 73 1 2 82 1 2 55 0 2 74 0 2 83 0 2 56 0 2 75 1 3 84 1 3 57 0 2 76 0 3 85 0 3 58 0 2 77 1 4 86 0 3 59 1 3 78 1 5 87 1 4 60 0 3 79 2 7 88 0 4 61 2 5 80 1 8 89 0 4 62 0 5 81 4 12 90 2 6 63 2 7 82 2 14 91 1 7 64 0 7 83 3 17 92 1 8 65 2 9 84 4 21
For the three models in this paper, the numbers of the failed elements are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 shows that, the crack growth rate will change from the state of subcritical crack growth to the state of unstable growth when the total number of failed elements reaches a certain value (see the bold numbers in Table 2).
Thus, the critical stress intensity can be determined by the change of the numbers of acoustic emission.
For instance, the plastic areas of the crack tip, the crack-bridge and pulling out of grains may improve resistance [22].

The development of the distributions with the degree of embrittlement and the number of loading cycles reflect the microstructural changes in both phases.
(austenite) and an average grain size of 28 μm (austenite) and 5 μm (ferrite).
In (a) the stress amplitude is plotted versus the number of cycles in linear scale and in (b) the course of the cyclic plastic strain amplitude is shown in a logarithmic scale of the loading cycles.
After a certain number of cycles most of the precipitates in the area of plastic deformation are dissolved and the softening slows down. 1h475°C 0h475°C 100h475°C 5h475°C Fig 4: Change of the model parameter g (mean value) of the bifurcated yield stress distribution function for (from top to bottom) the tests 0h475°C, 1h475°C, 5h475°C and 100h475°C.

When the proposing expressway through the soil, a large number of abandoned would be generated, which would burden construction costs and bring about many adverse effects to the local environment.
When the proposed line through the weathered red sandstone soil, according to the traditional methods of road construction, the line requires a large amount of gravel or other stone materials, as well as a large number of cement or lime and so on.
The construction will cost greatly, at the same time a large number of abandoned will also bring about many adverse effects to the local environment.
During the tests, to determine the optimal mixing ratio - stabilizer quality to soil grain quality, Portland cement was used as a medium, and specimen’s unconfined compressive strength was used as evaluation criteria.

In fig. 2, The comparison of material’s grain size is optimized by the thulium metalation.
(a) before optimization (b) after optimization Fig. 2, The comparison of material’s grain size before and after optimization by thulium metalizing Research content of optimizing heat treatment is: 1) Adopting vacuum heat treatment to reduce oxidation when heating; 2) Adjusting quench temperature to change metallizing degree and enhance the hardenability; 3) Adjusting the temper parameter to enhance the effect of secondary hardening.
Main technical parameters of dual liquid centrifugal casting instrument Serial number Title Unit Value 1 Power of electromotor kW 6.4 2 Rotate speed of electromotor r·p·m 800~1800 3 Diameter of the bimetal cylinder liner produced mm ≤200 4 Maximal producing ratio hour-1 4 5 Maximal force of thrusting upward ton 20 6 Outside parameters of the machine(Long×Wide×Height ) mm 4800×1500×1700 7 Total weight of the machine ton About 1.8 Dual liquid centrifugal casting instrument’s main trait is: 1) There is a brake decelerate arrester, it can adjust rev more quickly; 2) Adopting AC bunch to realize stepless speed regulating in a certain range; 3) Adopting single controller which could program to realize program control; 4) Applicable to produce various cylinder liners whose diameter is below 200mm (need to change cylinder liner mould).

A large number of small spherical wear debris in fretting scar are observed at the locations A,B and C in Fig.2(e), which can be judged as mainly black aluminum oxide according to table 1.
Fig.3(b) also shows that this zone is fine-grained, smooth and beach-like.
This zone has high roughness with some impurities in the bottom of the pits which are related to the weakness of grain boundaries.

Laboratory test data including maximum/minimum densities, specific gravity of the grains, natural water content, void ratio, densities and friction angles were also available for sand samples taken from 0.6 m and 3.0 m depths.
The soil at the site is a medium dense, fairly uniform, silty fine silica sand with the following average properties near the footings and within the top 5 meters: mean grain size D50 = 0.2 mm, SPT (standard penetration test) blow count 18 blows per 0.3 m, CPT (cone penetrometer test) point resistance 6 MPa, PMT (pressuremeter test) limit pressure 800 kPa, PMT modulus 8.5 MPa, DMT (dilatometer test) modulus 30 MPa, estimated total unit weight 15.5 kN/m3.
Tab.1 As-built dimensions of footings Footing number Length×width（m） Thickness （m） Embedment depth（m） In text, referred to as 1 3.004×3.004 1.219 0.762 3m north footing 2 1.505×1.492 1.219 0.762 1.5m footing 3 3.023×3.016 1.346 0.889 3m south footing 4 2.489×2.496 1.219 0.762 2.5m footing 5 0.991×0.991 1.168 0.711 1m footing The testing procedure consisted of applying the load in increments equal to one-tenth of the estimated footing capacity.

Stress-strain values were stored and processed to determine cyclic stress responses and plastic strain amplitudes as a function of the number of cycles.
Dynamic recrystallization It is important to determine the microstructure evolution during industrial hot rolling, which can predict the mechanical properties of the hot-rolled products, design the most effective hot rolling process to obtain the customer requirement, reduce the costs for routine operations and develop new products[12].Recrystallization is a process of fundamental importance in the thermo-mechanical processing of metals and alloys, which can result in grain refinement, reduce deformation resistance and directly affect the microstructures of the final product[13].
However, the mechanisms responsible for the grain refinement of austenite have not yet been clearly described and identified.

This number will update to 221 millions in 2010.
Performance of CR-SMA Mix Performance of CR-SMA mix, correspond with the actual standard requirement for general stone mastic asphalt(SMA) mix, includes high temperature stability, low temperature anti-cracking, moisture resistance, binder drainage, grain-jumping and so on.
Raveling and grain-jumping is main pavement damage due to the lack of the adhering strength between asphalts and aggregates in the repeated loading, especially, in the moisture condition.

In the undoped ZnO, the trapped carriers in the grain boundaries could be responsable for the increase of the resistivity [34].
The rare earths could be located at the ZnO grain boundaries, probably as oxides or as REZnO unknown compounds [36], increasing the number of surface defects in the ZnO matrix.

A sensor node might vary in size from that of a shoebox down to the size of a grain of dust, although functioning "motes" of genuine microscopic dimensions have yet to be created.
There is also Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Node called: Spec (Dust, Inc.), uPart (University of Karlsruhe), ZN1 (Hitachi), SAND (Philips), stack and bandaid (IMEC), DSYS25 (University College Cork, Ireland). 2.2.1 Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes Application Oil Recovery: The wireless underground sensor network for oil recovery consists of a base station (data sink) located at the wellbore and a large number of wireless sensor nodes deployed uniformly in the fractures of the oil reservoir.
When the hydraulic pressure is removed from the well, small grains of hydraulic fracturing proppants hold the fractures open.