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The number of defects developing in each step will affect the magnetic behavior.
This phenomenon might be supported by XRD data, which shows the broad feature of the peak indicating a smaller grain size.
The smaller grain size allows the formation of random magnetic domains so that saturation magnetization increases.

The Cr phases on the grain boundary are difficult to dissolve in the matrix and tend to get together and spheroidized during the homogenization, since the Cr content of the alloy is in excess of the equilibrium solubility.
The higher the temperature, the larger the Cr phase on the grain boundary.
It is interesting to note that a large number of Cr precipitates are evenly distributed in the matrix and the eutectic structures are pinned by some Cr precipitates during the homogenization treatment, as shown in Fig. 4 (a).

The addition of Si to TiN coatings transforms the [111] oriented columnar structure into a dense finely grained structure, and thin films of Ti-Si-N have been deposited by physical vapor deposition to improve the wear resistance of TiN coatings [7].
Furthermore, the hardness of the AlCrSiWN coating film is higher than that of the AlCrN at temperatures below 700 degrees Celsius [9], and the addition of Si leads to grain refinement and significantly affects the phase composition and the mechanical properties owing to the formation of amorphous Si3N4 [10] and [11].
Acknowledgment This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 24560149 (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)).

Mechanism of stock removal in this process is a result of spark synergy of electrical discharges occurred between metal binding of grinding wheel and machined surface layer and abrasive grains machining of cutting surface of grinding wheel (CSGW).
An essential problem concerning AEDG process is on the other hand the heat generation in the contact zone of the grinding wheel and workpiece, caused by machining work of abrasive grains of the grinding wheel and the energy spark discharges in electro erosion processes.
The increase of the grinding temperature due to heat producing action causes a number of unfavorable changes on the surface layer of the workpiece.

Based on the research, the results obtained from fabricating aluminum films are irregular pores and shaped into small grains.
This disorder at lower voltages is typical, as grain boundaries and anodization potential directly influence pore formation, pore ordering, and the structural integrity of the AAO surface. 2) Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) Analysis From the EDX investigation, the production of the elements established in the AAO layer is important to identify the mechanisms needed for anodizing the aluminum substrate.
In addition, from the elemental composition that is found in the AAO template, it is observed that there was a negative number of impurities were found.

.%) were tested as candidate materials for tribological applications using a twin-disc wear test rig, to measure their wear and frictional properties under variations of number of cycles (103 to 106), load (300–600 N ) and velocity (0.785 m/s, 1.57 m/s and 2.35 m/s), all at a slip ratio of 2%.
The grade of PBT was the commercial Crastin 6130 NC010 (as supplied in grains by DuPont – table 1).
The grains of PBT were dried before molding in order to eliminate undesired humidity, the residual humidity content has not to be over 0.04 % (wt).

SEM/EDS analysis indicates that: (i) the matrix region (A) of this composition contained Mg and small amount of Al; (ii) the grain boundary region (B) contained Mg as well as Al and Sr.
Al4Sr phase formed during eutectic solidification process is located in the grain boundary region of the Mg and appears to be lamellae.
Secondary Phase The liquidus temperature and the number of transformations of sample 12 did not show good agreement with the thermodynamic predictions.

The mechanisms of both swelling and shrinkage in expansive soils are complex and they are influenced by a number of factors.
Fig. 1 X-ray diffraction patterns of the soils used in the test program Table 1 Physical properties of expansive soils studied Liquid limit (%) Plasticity index (%) Shrinkage limit (%) Grain size distribution Optimum moisture content (g/cm³) Maximum dry density (%) Free swell (%) Sand(%) Silt(%) Clay(%) 56.1 25.5 7.44 15.6 44.5 40.9 18.2 1.83 51.5 Initial moisture content and initial dry density are important parameters in affecting the swelling behavior[5-6].
Swelling behaviour of compacted fine-grained soils.

In the last years, an increasing number of papers was published on FSW of magnesium alloys.
It was found that optimum level of heat generation, formation of finer grains, and higher hardness are the main reasons for the superior tensile properties of the joints.
The absence of defects in weld region, presence of very fine equiaxed grains in the weld region and higher hardness in the weld region were identified as the main reasons for superior tensile properties of these joints.

Experiments were conducted over four asymmetric dunes of one crest length (4 m), two crest height (0.3m,0.4m) and two uniform sediments with mean grain sizes D=0.5 and 0.7 mm at the TianJin Research Institute For Water Transport Engineering, China.
A number of studies have been conducted in the past 60 years, which are focused on the analysis of the distribution of turbulence energy density and Reynolds shear stress along the dunes.
Based on the concept of dimensional analysis, Karman and Prandtl proposed power law of velocity distribution as follows: (1) In Eq. (1), U is depth-averaged velocity; m related to the Reynolds number and the roughness, is , and m=1/6 in this paper; =z/d is the relative depth, respectively.
Through comparison analysis of a large number of natural and experimental data, Zhang held that Eq. (1) is better than logarithmic law, since it is closer to the actual situation in the near-wall region with little deviation [12].