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It is the result of dislocation slip, grain boundary motion, plastic deformation and interplanar cleavage.
The dynamic radial distribution function and corresponding number density integral for variable time and temperature were calculated to explorer the relationship between the crack growth and temperature.
Based on the simulation results the atomic radial distribution function g(r) and the corresponding number integral are calculated and over a given trajectory.
Composing all the number density RDF integration curves under changing temperature and time cases and we obtained a plot as Fig. 11.
Number density integration curves The RDF curves correspond to crack growth at 200 K,300 K,500 K,700 K,900 K and 1100K are illustrated in Fig. 12.

Furthermore, under a non-breaking load, the length of a crack that does not propagate is approximately one crystal grain [4,14].
Furthermore, considering that the length of a crack that does not propagate is approximately one grain [4], the condition in which a fatigue crack does not initiate or propagate beyond a small crack can be considered a criterion for bending fatigue failure.
The number of elements was determined by investigating the convergence of the analytical values of the actual stresses at the critical point.
The investigation was performed until the change in the values with an increase in the number of elements was less than 1%.
Based on the fatigue test method of Kato et al. [1], the number of non-fracture discontinuation cycles was set to 1.0×107 for normalizing and 3.0×106 for thermal refining.

In this work, three points nearest neighbor approach is used for determining the number of contacting asperity (number of local maxima).
However, for grinding surface the number of contacting asperity is much higher than turned surface.
However, number of contacting asperity for honed surface is higher than turned surface and lowers than grinding surface.
Fig. 8 Variation of (a) dimensionless wear depth (hw) with number of cycles (b) dimensionless mean contact pressure (pmean) with number of cycles (c) dimensionless real area of contact (Areal) with number of cycles (d) dimensionless mean asperity radius (R) with number of cycles, Fapp = 20 N, δ = 200 µm, H = 1.50 GPa 4.
Haefke “Friction and Wear Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steel: Influence of Atmospheric Humidity, Load Range, And Grain Size,” Tribol.

Introduction Porous asphalt concrete pavement (PA) is combined with numerous coarse-grained aggregates.
The effect evaluation of porous pavement on controlling water fog is by calculating the bright spot numbers at the area where the water fog produced.
The more numbers of bright spot appear the worst the water fog is.
Method; Calculate the pixel of the targeted pictures which the cumulated gray-scale numbers is 255, and then, reverse seeking the water fog area according to the distance between pixels.
Fig. 5 Photo Number 1 Fig. 7 Photo Number 3 Fig. 6 Photo Number 2 Fig. 8 Photo Number 4 Table 2 Quantification Results Vehicles : Tour Bus ; Photo Number 1 Binarization Value 156 157 158 159 160 Average Value Quantification Result 17922 17264 16641 16054 15492 16674.6 Vehicles : Tour Bus ; Photo Number 2 Binarization Value 148 149 150 151 152 Average Value Quantification Result 18386 17650 16237 15400 14859 16506.4 Vehicles : Tour Bus ; Photo Number 3 Binarization Value 163 164 165 166 167 Average Value Quantification Result 18352 17336 16487 15889 15369 16686.6 Vehicles : Large Truck ; Photo Number 4 Binarization Value 156 157 158 159 160 Average Value Quantification Result 18348 17246 16355 15325 14294 16313.6 Table 3 One-way ANOVA Analysis Variable Source ss Degree of Freedom MS P-value Cutof Inter-group 459411.4 3 153137.1 0.086847 0.966236 3.238872 Intra-group 28212891 16 1763306 Total 28672302 19 Comparative Analysis Result of Water Fog Quantification

Introduction There has been considerable research interest in recent years in the deformed microstructures and micro-orientations of aluminum grains and single crystals with special orientations, e.g. {001}<100> and {011}<100>, et al.
As for a certain orientation crystal deformed according to a special deformation model, such as PSC, the value of M can be calculated, and the numbers of sets of 5 independent slide systems (NS5) can also be found.
Furthermore, the numbers of NS5 and the MAF of low angle boundaries for B orientation are considerably larger than that for C and S orientations, respectively.
In fact, the numbers of NS5 mean probability of changing slide systems in the process of harmonizing prescribed deformation.
The relationships between the numbers of NS5 and the boundary distributions reveal that the more numbers of NS5, the less probability for developing high angle boundaries.

A great number of variables, such as initial frame length and/or final additional stretch, can influence the stress state of frames determining their life and efficiency under operating loading conditions.
Output definition Non-destructive methods for measuring residual stresses are not easily applicable to noncrystalline materials, large grained materials, nanomaterials, textured or heavily deformed metals.

When the protein concentration was less than 10%(w/v), the number of protein molecules participated in the reaction rose and the reaction was enhanced.
Inspect of grain and oilseeds.Determination of crude fat content in grain(In Chinese) [11] Navin K.

However much of this technology have given problems on achieving the required mechanical properties, since the finish pass reductions were in the range of critical strain, thus giving raise to coarse grained structure and reduced strength and ductility of the material [7].
Heavier billet sizes require more energy, more passes, i e more stands, which in turn increases the investment and the capital cost, and at the same time raise problems with bad wire rod surfaces and randomly distributed grain size and mechanical properties over the cross section.
Reduced number of stands and auxiliary equipment will also reduce the investment, the capital cost, and the space requirements for the wire rod mills.

One can see that a great number of grooves are present on the surface of initial carbon monofilaments along their lengths (Fig 1 a).
It was found that the CVD ZrO2 coating exhibited desired tensile failure behavior and extensive crack deflection within the interface region due to the martensitic transformation of t-ZrO2 nuclei to m-ZrO2 on reaching a critical grain size.
The formation of elongated areas (autocatalytic transformed bands) can be related to the fact that residual stresses not accommodated by the transformation-induced plasticity may be used to trigger the transformation of neighboring grains.

Because of the existence of alkaline reinforcement on the fiber it will remove a number of waxes, lignin and oil on the surface of the wall, depolymerization of cellulose occurs and makes the fibers shorter [15,16].
It is because the specimen fracture are fine grains on the surface of the specimen.
There are fine grains on the surface of the specimen.Coarse fibers like brushes on the fracture surface appear.