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However, after heating, activated bentonite present in green sand loses the binding properties, and part of the foundry sand has to be discarded from the process.
However, activated bentonite, present in the green sand, after heating, loses its agglomerating properties, making necessary to discard part of the used foundry sand, and it becomes an environmental question.
Since WFS is properly managed, with control of its chemical and physical properties, as well as its segregation, storing and cost, it can be considered as a potentially recyclable waste [4].
The water from sodium silicate solution is the only factor that influenced the green strength of the samples made from silica sand.
Silica gel is a little reactive inorganic polymer, highly porous, resistant and non-crystalline and has colloidal properties [8].

In lower strain-rate condition, though Al-Cu-Mg alloy has better superplasticity, many big cavities in the specimen may reduce the room temperature properties of the alloy.
In higher strain-rate condition, Al-Cu-Mg alloy has certain superplasticity and room temperature properties as well as few cavities forming.
The number, shape and distribution of cavitation after superplastic deformation greatly affect mechanical capability of parts.
Basing on the finite element calculation, Tanaka et al introduced the basic equation of superplastic flow that includes two factors of crystal grain and cavity growth.
But the grains are remarkable growth, crystal boundaries are relaxation, so it is very easy to produce cavity in triangle crystal interfaces and to reduce the room temperature properties.

As any successful treatment of salt damage requires a multidisciplinary attitude, many different factors such as salt solution transport and crystallization, presence and origin of salts in masonry, and salt-induced deterioration are to be taken into account.
Building Materials Properties The knowledge of material properties to predict heat and moisture transport in buildings is essential to well characterize their behaviour and predict pathologies.
[14] EN ISO 12571, Hygrothermal performance of building materials and products – Determination of hygroscopic sorption properties, 2013
[15] EN ISO 12572, Hygrothermal performance of building materials and products – Determination of water vapour transmission properties, 2001
P. de Freitas, "The influence of the thickness of the walls and their properties on the treatment of rising damp in historic buildings."

The gasochromic properties were significantly enhanced by applying nanostructures, resulting in faster responses, higher stability and higher optical modulation.
Second, the particular geometry of the nanostrucutures produced can directly impact various physical properties.
Yamamoto et. al. investigated the structural and gasochromic properties of epitaxial WO3 thin films prepared by ArF excimer PLD.
These nanostructures with large specific surface areas are expected to possess fast and stable gasochromic properties.
GLAD sputtering requires further study of fundamental growth processes as well as continued investigation and optimization of the physical properties in order to improve the gasochromic properties of WO3 film.

The finite element method (FEM) using the ANSYS software in equivalent model simulations is achieved to understand the coupling sensing effect of magnetic, mechanical and optical behaviors.
The factors are complicated from strain-optic effect that affected by the parameters of Poisson ratio, core effective index, Pockel’s coefficient components, grating length variation, and total fiber grating length.
Effective index of the fiber core and uniform distribution in gratings are affected to induce the Bragg wavelength shift.
During the electroplating process, to desorption of H2 bubbles is important for controlling current efficiency that can ensure correct property of the Ni layer.
This is due to uncertainties of the FBG fiber properties in Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ration, and stress-optic coefficient with a high resistance in the optical-mechanical coupling reaction.

It is due to its unique and excellent properties such as non-toxicity, low-cost, high chemical and thermal stability [1-3].
These special properties make it a promising material for photocatalysis applications, especially in solar and environmental applications [4].
Wender et al., Self-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays: Synthesis by anodization in an ionic liquid and assessment of photocatalytic properties.
Synthesis, Properties, and Applications, 2009
Meng et al., Preparation of SnO< sub> 2@ C-doping TiO< sub> 2 nanotube arrays and its electrochemical and photoelectrochemical properties.

Inappropriate mixing ratios or firing temperatures may cause the existence of other phases which lower the properties of BT.
In sintering process, there has transformation occurred in the BaCO3 and TiO2 mixture where this mixture was transformed into a different product depending on two major factors which are stoichiometry of BaCO3 and TiO2 and sintering temperature.
This is because lack of control during reaction will lead to the formation of other unwanted phases that will lower the properties of BT.
IS testing was done to study the effect of stoichiometry and the relationship between the phase formation to the dielectric properties of BT.
The production of secondary phase or amorphous will lower the dielectric properties of BT.

Furthermore, RC structures may require strengthening and repair due to various factors, including changes in function, a decrease in material strength over time, and structural damage caused by earthquakes, overloads, or accidents [1].
Geopolymer mortar or concrete has properties comparable to OPC mortar or concrete [4–8].
Geopolymer is regarded as a viable replacement for cement in building construction due to its excellent mechanical properties, high-temperature resistance, and corrosion resistance.
Shariq, Use of geopolymer concrete for a cleaner and sustainable environment-A review of mechanical properties and microstructure.
Wang, et al, A review on properties of fresh and hardened geopolymer mortar.

A closer study of how the sintering atmosphere influences the microstructure is, therefore, considered to be of importance because the microstructural change can so critically determine mechanical properties of composites.
Generally, it was well known that the inhomogeneous distribution of the second phase and abnormally grown grains are frequently harmful to mechanical properties due to the acting as fracture origin [11].
Another factor that may affect the change in the mechanical property is the interfacial strength between Al2O3 and Cu.

The current study presents the result of experimental works that determine the differences in engineering properties between high-volume fly ash concrete (HVFC) in the laboratory and the field as well as the economic and environmental feathers of HVFC.
Its pozzolanic properties stem from its reactive silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) content, which enable it to chemically react with Ca(OH)2 liberated during cement hydration, forming additional calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, resulting in refinement of the concrete microstructure.
Recent studies have focused on investigating the mechanical properties of HVFC, aiming to assess its suitability for various construction applications.
In the laboratory tests, all concrete ingredients as tabulated in Table 2 were prepared and the solid components were first mixed in a mechanical mixer for 2 minutes (Fig. 2a).
The previous investigations proved that compressive strength was a significant factor affecting surface abrasion [19,20].