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Surface chemistry was studied by X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) microanalysis and the spectral mapping of elements.
This zone is a mixture chemical composition of coating and base metal (substrate), resulting in a similar structure if compared to that of base metal [9].
Dendrite and austenitic structures were observed for all studied coatings, regardless the applied welding current.

Experiments A mechanically rugged resonator structure can be formed by isolating the resonator from the substrate with a reflector array.
In fact, excessive penetration of the water vapor into PVA polymer may cause the long chains of the polymer to diffuse with its structure changing dramatically, leading to significant change of the material properties such as acoustic impedance, density, etc..
Hu, Piezoelectric microelectromechanical resonant sensors for chemical and biological detection, Lab on a Chip - Miniaturisation for Chemistry and Biology 12 (2012) 29-44

Due to the unique nature of the THz wave, it has many potential applications in the field of physics, biology, chemistry, bio-pharmaceuticals, materials science and electronic engineering[7-8], such as THz spectrum, ranging and imaging system[9-10] and non-destructive testing.
And then the internal structure of the objects will be obtained by the determination and analysis of the change of terahertz signal.
Based on terahertz detector, the detector can get the complete information of the non-metallic surface of the components which are detected, including the thickness, internal structure, density distribution, and the inner wall.

For cotton fiber, the surfaces began to become coarse and the fiber had cracks and etched away the fiber structures .
The weight of the wool fiber decreased smoothly in the first 14 days, then reduced rapidly to 83.2% after 42-day incubation, probably due to imbricate surface structure of wool.
In environmental chemistry, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) test is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds in water.

Effects of Rotating Magnetic Field on Microstructure and Properties of Bi-containing Hypereutectic Al-Si Alloy SI Yi 1,a * 1Department of Applied Chemistry, Liaoning Petrochemical Vocational and Technology College, China asiyi9555@126.com Keywords: hypereutectic Al-Si alloy; Bi; rotating magnetic field; microstructure; wear-resisting property Abstract.
[3] Xia Langting,Zhu Hongxi and Ma Yunfei.Freezing Charater of Bi in High Silicon Alloy and its Effects on Structure.
J Effect of Bi on Structure and Properties of Al-Si Alloy. 2007，11：1486-1488.

Keeping the solidification process under control provides the required micro- and macro-structure of the casting and minimizes the defects.
Tin, Nickel-based superalloys for advanced turbine engines: chemistry, microstructure, and properties, J.
Sieniawski, Modeling of directional solidification of columnar grain structure in CMSX-4 nickel-based superalloy castings, J.

Structure and properties, Plastics. 11-12 (2017) 8-15
Novikova, Polyketones - alternative polymers of carbon monoxide, Chemistry Success. 73 (2004) 292-319
Vibrational spectroscopy studies, Journal of Molecular Structure. 294 (1993) 275-278

When the template is separated, it will form a cavity that has the ability to recognize molecules with the same chemical-physical structure and structure as the analyte molecules [3,5,6].
West, Solid State Chemistry and Its Applications.

In addition, the gas evolution acts as micro-mechanical agent matrix structure disruption, leading to the opening of pores in the matrix formation [14,15].
Structure of monomeric ester precursor obtained by polymerization com triethylene glycol.
Wiedemann, Thermal Analysis, Volume 3: Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ceramics, Earth Science, H.G.

The understanding of thermal performance is crucial to have further improve the material thermal insulation characteristics for lowering the energy demand of the structure.
Also, rice husk ash is more porous having fibrous structure than bottom ash, which makes the matrix less dense.
Davidovits, Geopolymer chemistry and applications, Geopolymer Institute, (2008)