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Pigments should present well defined optical and physical properties.
These properties, in turn, depend directly on the pigment's crystalline structure, on its physical (particle shape, distribution, and degree of agglomeration) and chemical characteristics (purity and stability of the composition).
The control of these properties is closely dependent on obtaining nanometric scale particle sizes, i.e., obtaining molecular structures at the atomic level.
According to Kiminami [11], the heating conditions affect the characteristics of the resulting powders.
These two aspects strongly affect the powders' final characteristics.

Ribbon-tubular radiator is widely used in engineering vehicles, automobile etc, its structure especially air side fin affect the internal flow of radiator, and affects the radiator performance.
First of all, CFD simulations of water side and air side are carried out, then matches the working point of fan by using the simulation results, and take the working point parameters and other related parameters as the import of calculation procedure of the in-out mouth temperature of radiator group, compared the temperatures with experiment values to satisfy the validity of the method, Finally use the double side simulation and procedure calculation combination method to study effect law of different wave distance combination on the heat transfer properties of radiator group.1 1 Simulation research of double side flow field 1.1Physical model The ribbon-tubular radiator group studied in this paper includes high temperature radiator (radiator in engine cooling system) and low temperature radiator (inter cooler) ;its core body are composed by the same size flat tubes and ripple thermal tape, thermal fluid flows in the flat tubes, cooling air cross ripple thermal tape and flat tube outside
The simulation calculation values are higher than the test results, this is because the safety factor is considered for total thermal load in the calculation, the maximum error is 12.7%, meet the engineering requirements.
Table1 Import and export water temperature of simulation and experiment test Simulation result Experiment result Import（℃） Export（℃） Import（℃） Export（℃） Low temp radiator 66.6 52.1 59.6 46.2 High temp radiator 68.4 63.2 67.2 62.8 3 Wave matching study of radiator group The heat transfer properties of radiator are affected by fluid flow velocity, core body structure and heat transfer surface quality etc [3].
This paper uses the method of combining the double sides CFD simulation and procedure calculation to research the influence of wave distance matching to high low temperature radiator group heat transfer properties.

It is known that the vapor produced from the evaporator moves in a cycle to generate mechanical power that will be transformed into electricity.
Fluid fouling is one of the factors affecting heat transfer due to the deposition of undesirable mineral substances on the wall of heat exchangers.
More specifically, poor flow distribution, plate length and sudden flow expansion are all factors that decrease the performance of plate heat exchangers.
Mostly, the establishment of these types of equations aims to study the coupled flow-heat transfer in the evaporators and to identify the forces affecting the flow and therefore the performance of the heat transfer.
Zhang, Synergistic enhancing effect of tungsten-copper coated graphite flakes and aluminum nitride nanoparticles on microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties of copper matrix composites, Materials Science and Engineering: A. 857 (2022) 143987

Experimental titanium implants with a rough calcium phosphate (CР) coating with bio-inspired properties have been developed.
A change in the cytoskeleton can affect the organization and distribution of organelles and DNA in cells, epigenetically regulating the functioning of cell genes [Thomas C.H. et al., 2002; Shafrir Y., Forgacs G., 2002].
Findings During in vitro co-cultivation of human AMSCs with experimental CP-coated Ti implants with artificial microterritories for stem cells contact and distant interaction of cells and surface contributes to the well-known epigenomic effect of the physicochemical factors of ECM [Ratner B.D. et al., 2004].
Loboa, Cytoskeletal and focal adhesion influences on mesenchymal stem cell shape, mechanical properties, and differentiation down osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic pathways, Send to Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 18 (2012) 436–444
Khlusov, Formation and Properties of Bioactive Surface Layers on Titanium, Inorganic Materials: Applied Research. 2 (2011) 474–481.

Unfortunately, composite structures show a very complex mechanical behavior concerning dynamic loads and a variety of damage mechanisms, that are hard to predict.
Here, thedesign variables are assumed to be an additional element property that can be understood as a relative density of the element.
The values of the penalization exponents p and q are problem-dependent, but a penalization factor of about 3 is generally proposed in common literature [8].
χavg = n∑ i=1 ai · χi ai (6) Here ai is a weighting factor that is calculated by eq. 7.
Gourinat, Damage localization using experimental modal pa- rameters and topology optimization, Mechanical systems and signal processing 24 (3) (2010) 636-652

Part build orientation also affects the surface, i.e. built on the X, Y, or Z axis and has the biggest impact on part strength and surface aesthetics.
The second process that was evaluated was a mechanical mass finishing process.
Since this mechanical process does induce forces on the parts, it is not intended for very small or intricate parts.
For antenna and electronic applications, this is a limiting factor on both the size and complexity of geometries that can be built.
Further work is being done to optimize the FDM PC-ABS formulation to enhance mechanical part properties.

According to the actual of mechanical product design and viewpoint of ontology six elements method, the ontology representation model supporting design knowledge is proposed
Ontology addresses the presentation of the abstract model of the objective existence, which includes two basic factors: concepts and the relationships among them.
This step is the key step with the biggest workload, which directly affect the quality of the ontologies.
Property rdf :ID=“paving capability”> Property> Fig.1 The ontology building lifecycle Fig.2 some kinds of sipform concrete paver conceptural design knowledge 3) Function knowledge class 1 1 4) Function technical principle solution calss The “object property” is used to depict an attribute of a class and express the relationships between two classes.

Kesler1,2, b 1 Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Sciences Lane, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z4 2 3250 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1W5 a bdwhite@interchange.ubc.ca, bkesler@mech.ubc.ca Keywords: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Air Plasma Spraying, Impedance Spectroscopy Abstract.
The principle challenge to manufacturing SOFCs by plasma spray is developing an understanding of how the great number of process parameters influence the properties of the coatings produced.
The factors which appear to have the most significant and direct influence on the coating composition are the standoff distance, plasma gas composition, and relative particle size.
Cathode Microstructure and Composition The standoff distance appeared to primarily affect the relative amount of YSZ that would be present in the final coating, with coatings produced at small standoff distances containing significantly more YSZ.
Uhlenbruck, "Processing and properties of the ceramic conductive multilayer device solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)", Ceramics International, Vol. 30, No. 7 (2004), pp. 1107-1113

Introduction Metal nanoparticles have unique physico-chemical properties which differ from bulk material.
The mentioned interaction may couple with the condition of phase inversion to affect the thermodynamics and kinetics of membrane formation process, resulting in different structures and performances of final membranes.
It can be associated to the disturbance of these stabilizers in the membrane that can affect the membrane performance.
The morphology changes on membrane due to the incorporation of Pd_PEG can be related to the permeation properties as discussed earlier.
Lai, Effects of phase inversion and rheological factors on formation of defect-free and ultrathin-skinned asymmetric polysulfone membranes for gas separation, Separation and Purification Technology 33(2) (2003) 127-143

The free energy of a fluctuation containing n atoms is given by: σ 3/2 nAhnGn +=∆ , (1) where h is the free energy per unit atom involved in the transformation of the solid solution into the new phase, σ is the precipitate/matrix interface energy and A is a geometrical factor depending on the precipitate shape.
However, it can be shown that this is not the case for small cluster and that the surface energy can be expressed as [6, 7]:         ++= ∞ 3 2 3 11 n C n B n σ σ σσ . (6) When applying this equation to nucleation and growth, the correction term σC does not affect the calculations.
Sigli, "Nucleation, Growth and Coarsening of Spherical Precipitates in Aluminum Alloys", presented at Aluminum Alloys: Their Physical and Mechanical Properties (ICAA7), Charlottesville, Virginia, USA, 2000
Shahani, "Phase Diagram, Solidification and Heat Treatment of Aluminum Alloys", presented at Aluminum Alloys: Their Physical and Mechanical Properties (ICAA6), Toyohashi, Japan, 1998