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There are a number of issues such as: relative limitations on type of alloys that can be used, the necessary technology needed to cool the system, and the number of variables involved, that must be considered in order to obtain an acceptable product [2,3].
The solid grains form quickly on the lower roll surface due to thermal super-cooling.

In the course of heat treatment, the Nb(CN) granules precipitate in the prior austenite grain (PAG) at random, and in the final microstructure their size is only between 5-20nm.
Fig.2 Microstructures of CFB/M and CFB/M-Nb a- Microstructure of CFB/M-Nb; b- Microstructure of CFB/M Fig.3 Precipitates of Nb(CN) in CFB/M-Nb steel a- Precipitates dispersing in CFB/M-Nb; b- EDS of Al2O3; c- EDS of Nb(CN) Fig.4 S-N curves of CFB/M-L and CFB/M-I steel Fig.5 S-N curve of CFB/M-Nb B M B M a c �b(C�) Al2O3 b 10 5 106 10 7 108 10 9 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 Industrial Lab Run-out Stress amplitude, MPa Number of cycles to failure, Nf 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 Broken Unbroken Stress amplitude σa, (MPa) Number of cycles to failure Nf a b S-� characteristics.

The interdendritic network was formed during the latter stages of solidification, with fine particles populating the matrix and grain boundaries.
A number of studies have shown that the power-law function, using a simple constant stress exponent n, leads to significant deviation from experimental creep data [9].
Acknowledgements This publication has emanated from research supported in part by a research grant from Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) under grant number 16/RC/3872 and is co-funded under the European Regional Development Fund and by I-Form industry partners.

This indicates that the quality of the PVA surface can be easily improved by increasing the distance between rods of the collector (except for 12 cm); resulting in the important reduction of grain size and hence improved (lower) roughness of nanostructured PVA thin films.
FESEM images revealed that the morphology of nanofibers has improved and that the number of beads has decreased.
Zeng, Controlling numbers and sizes of beads in electrospun nanofibers, Polym.

In order to conduct the radiative transfer modeling, we can abstract the intermediate imaging device into three parts: the upper surface can be considered as many sphere grains tightly array together, having refraction and reflection effect for incident light; the lower surface can be considered as ideal flat plane, and the transmitted light obey Snell's Law of refraction and refection; the middle is homogeneous medium which has weak scattering effect.
Simulating results of test 1 (Note：for test 2 to test 6, simulating results can also be acquired) Log2(photon number) Log2(photon number) Fig. 8.

However, technologies for fast, direct and mass manufacturing of micro parts are still under development, where there exist a number of research challenges [1].
Although micro-machining possesses numerous characteristics of traditional machining, the reduction in size or scale has lead to an increase in the number of issues to be overcome for successful adoption commercially.
[8] A J Mian, N Driver, P T Mativenga, Micromachining of coarse-grained multi-phase material, Proc Inst Mech Eng Pt B: Journal Engineering Manufacturing, Vol. 223(2009), pp. 377–385

The maximum original grain size was about 3-5 mm.
Table 2 The results of Si-Mn slag cementitious material Circulating fluidization bed slag (%) Si-Mn slag (%) Anhydrous sodium sulfate (%) Anhydrite (%) Lime (%) 3d (MPa) 7d (MPa) 28d (MPa) 78 0 4 8 10 7.94 24.48 29.52 68 10 4 8 10 11.8 38.76 54.8 58 20 4 8 10 37.7 49.62 63.34 48 30 4 8 10 50.14 65.8 75.32 38 40 4 8 10 56.38 63.58 80.68 28 50 4 8 10 65.44 69.72 78.38 18 60 4 8 10 55.22 68.78 80.46 8 70 4 8 10 58.14 59.96 85.76 0 78 4 8 10 53.92 74.12 83.82 9 70 3 8 10 56.46 65.72 82.96 10 70 2 8 10 58.02 61.38 77.38 11 70 1 8 10 46.82 54.14 70 Table 3 The ratio of Si-Mn slag cementitious material Number Circulating fluidization bed slag (%) Si-Mn slag (%) Anhydrous sodium sulfate (%) Anhydrite (%) Lime (%) 1 10 70 2 8 10 2 8 70 2 10 10 3 10 70 2 10 8 4 12 70 2 8 8 Table 4 The results of Si-Mn slag cementitious material Number Flexural strength (MPa) Compressive strength (MPa) 1d 3d 7d 28d 1d 3d 7d 28d 1 4.380 6.585 6.655 7.792 16.18 27.01 36.20 47.63 2 5.476 5.686 6.065 7.596

Effect of Hydrogen on Thermal and Mechanical Properties from Molecular Dynamics To assess the influence of Hydrogen content on thermal and mechanical properties of NiAl compounds we have used the same compound models studied in pure form and developed models with the same number of metal atoms but added Hydrogen atoms randomly to interstitial sites corresponding to 1 , 2, 5, 8, 10% of the total number of metal atoms.
Cagin, Fundamental Study of Hydrogen Segregation at Vacancy and Grain Boundary in Palladium. arXiv preprint arXiv:1506.00302, 2015

Design principle of Rub material formula 2.1 principle of golden partition method Gold partition method is mathematics be excellent to turn a calculation of classic calculate method, extensive application in currently actual of science technique and engineering problem, it can less of experiment number of times quick find out the superior project, is many excellent turn calculate way of foundation.
According to this principle and combination regulation of original material, from the appearance demand fiber and filler grain, from the attribute demand have lubricant and whet to anticipate.
If rub material formula in of having set cent is divided into a fiber set, filler set and resin basic body, if establish some a rub material formula of total integral calculus number is 1, among them each a set of physical volume score and each in of having set cent also all according to gold partition principle to allotment, design correspond of rub material formula, such as table1 show, among them, the physical volume score of fiber, filler and resin basic body mean with VF, Vf and VB respectively: Table 1 Basis gold partition a principle design formula VF Vf VB Formula 1 0.382 0.382 0.236 VF Vf1 Vf2 VB Formula 2 0.382 0.236 0.146 0.236 Formula 3 0.382 0.146 0.236 0.236 VF1 VF2 Vf1 Vf2 VB Formula 4 0.236 0.146 0.236 0.146 0.236 Formula 5 0.236

However these raw materials have a number of features which technologically complicate its application.
Basic data for calculation of the generalized criterion of quality Indicator name Requirements GOST Ratio nanomodified agent and traditional mineral filler, [%] 100 80/20 70/30 60/40 50/50 40/60 30/70 conditional numbers of compositions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The limit of compressive strength , [МPа], 0 °С no more than 12 6.8 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.5 8.1 20 °С at least2.2 6.1 5.7 5.7 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.8 50 °С at least1.0 4.2 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.35 2.7 2.4 water saturation , [%] 1.5-4.0 0.90 0.94 1.03 1.20 1.30 1.34 2.05 swelling, [%] no more than 1 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.09 Long resistance at least 0.75 1.15 1.10 1.10 1.03 1.01 0.91 0.87 It is obvious that the nanostructured agent has considerable impact on strength characteristics of asphalt concrete in the wide range of temperatures.
As a result on the surface of grains of rubble of asphalt concrete the structured matrix system having microreinforcing effect is formed difficult.