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Just think about the sharp increase of the axle loads and trains number, length and speed.
These cracks are governed by a number of factors including environmental conditions, rail and wheel profiles, track curvatures, grades, lubrication practices, rail metallurgy, vehicle characteristics, track geometry errors, and rail grinding practices [2].
In the continuum mechanics framework two scales have to be considered: the first one is the smaller scale (grain, microvoids, etc.) and the second one is the macroscale (size of the structural components).

It has been shown that PO43- infrared absorption spectrum has two major energy band, one strong absorption peak appears at 1150~950cm-1, another relatively strong absorption peak appears at 650~450cm-1, in the lower range of wave number, there is O-P-O bending vibration or lattice vibration of phosphate.
Compared with other studies, the size of synthesized material granularity was smaller in this experiment, indicating that the precursor materials prepared by liquid precipitation is not easy reunion in microwave sintering process and can inhibited the material grain growth.
Fig.6b exhibits the relationship of the discharge capacities at different C-rates and the number of cycles.

On the one hand, the particles have a high zeta-potential, resulting in high sorption properties of substance to the number of elements.
To eliminate this drawback, a method of application the substance on surface of coarse-grained materials has been tested.
A number of carriers used to create a composite sorbent are considered.

Considering first the rolling texture components S, Copper and Brass, the regions of Copper orientation have the highest misorientation angle whereas the Brass orientation has the smallest 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 0 100 200 300 400 20 25 30 35 40 45 (a) Temperature(°C) HV 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 DIDB /DGNB Spacing(nm) (b) DIDB/DGNB Temperature(°C) DIDB DGNB 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 0 100 200 300 400 20 25 30 35 40 45 (a) Temperature(°C) HV 0 100 200 300 400 20 25 30 35 40 45 (a) Temperature(°C) HV 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 DIDB /DGNB Spacing(nm) (b) DIDB/DGNB Temperature(°C) DIDB DGNB DIDB DGNB Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 3 average angle.
Finally, the observation that local coarsening takes place at or near high angle boundaries separating texture components is in general agreement with a previous observations (e.g., [7]) that high angle grain boundaries can absorb dislocations from adjacent dislocation boundaries. 4 Title of Publication (to be inserted by the publisher) Finally the preferred coarsening taking place in regions of other orientations is expected to result in a significant concentration of components other than rolling components after recrystallization.
Boundary spacing (nm) Misorientation (º) Texture component DGNB DIDB θGNB θIDB Copper 6º from (112) [11-1] 355 878 4.1 2.0 Other 21º from (-2-1-3) [36-4] 16º from (-2-1-3) [-3-64] 321 668 8.7 4.0 Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 5 Fig. 3 TEM micrographs (longitudinal section) of regions with different orientations in a sample annealed for 2 h at 220 ºC.

Fission products with limited solubility in UO2 segregate by diffusion leading to the decoration of grain boundaries with noble metal (ε) particles.
Our observance of –90 mV/decade on SF3 suggests noble metal behaviour is approached as the number and size of ε-particles increases. 3.2.
By contrast, ECORR on the SF electrodes approaches, and eventually achieves, the oxidation threshold as the number and size of ε-particles increases.

Experimental determinations Based on technological and economic considerations the study was completed by physical modelling, allowing a large number of measurements [2].
The experimental determinations were carried out on a model consisting of water and pharmaceutical calcium carbonate of graining 10-50 µm.
This can be explained only by the narrowing and displacement of the layer of clogged (active) cells towards the upper surface of the filter, that is by concentrating the retained inclusions in a smaller number of cells closer to the upper surface of the filter.

Fly ash is fine-grained, its chemical compositions include SiO2, Fe2O3, Al2O3, CaO, MgO and other oxides, etc., as well as some trace elements.
Because of large specific surface area and a large number of active sites, fly ash can adsorb some adsorbates by way of chemical adsorption and physical adsorption, it can absorb organic matter, heavy metals, fluorine, phosphorus, bacteria and other microorganisms as well as suspended and colloidal impurities, and can play a role in discoloration and deodorization [3], so it can also be used in the field of wastewater treatment.
The measurement of iodine adsorption value referenced national standard test method in China (CB/T7702.1-7702.22-1997) “Granular activated carbon from coal-determination of iodine number” [9].

The crystal grains effectively block propagation of shear bands and intensify the strength and ductility of MG [5].
Radial distribution function )(rg (RDF) is calculated for ρπ 24/)()( rrrnrg ∆>=< , where rrn ∆>< )( is the number of particles in the range between r and rr ∆+ around a given particle.
The angular bracket represents the ensemble average as well as an average over all particles, and ρis the number density.

As gas-sensing materials, Compared with traditional ZnO solids with grain size, nanostructure ZnO has superior properties because of its quantum size effect, small size effect, suface effect and macroscopic quantum tunneling effect [4], such as no-toxic, no-migratory, fluorescence, piezoelectricity, absorbing and scattering ultraviolet rays and so on [5].
The final product was numbered as ZnO-1.
Following the same treatment, the final product was numbered as ZnO-2.

On the other hand, under several GPa pressure in LSP, metal or alloy surface layer can gain uniformity stability dislocation, fined grain and surface residual compression stress.
Table 1 Chemical compositions and mechanical properties of ductile iron QT800-2 Chemical composition C Si Mn P S Mg RE Wt [%] 3.7-3.85 1.3-1.4 0.3-0.4 �0.07 �0.05 0.04-0.05 0.015-0.04 E [Mpa] � �b [Mpa] �0.2 [Mpa] � [%] HV Mechanical properties 130 0.291 800 480 2 274 Heat treatment Normalization Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 375 Experiment Equipments and Selection of the Parameters.
The laser power density used during laser shock processing is about 1.86 GW/cm2, the peak value of surface compression stress Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 377 obtained here can reach 426 MPa, and the hardened depth 2.0 mm.