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Online since: June 2014
Authors: Jian Zhang, Xiao Dong Yuan
In order to facilitate recording data, the optimal solution is determined with the proposed method.
Reconfiguration results and relevant statistical data for case 1 and 2 are shown as Table 4 and Table 5.
Distribution feeder reconfiguration for loss reduction.
Distribution network reconfiguration for energy loss reduction.
A tabu search approach to distribution network reconfiguration for loss reduction.
Reconfiguration results and relevant statistical data for case 1 and 2 are shown as Table 4 and Table 5.
Distribution feeder reconfiguration for loss reduction.
Distribution network reconfiguration for energy loss reduction.
A tabu search approach to distribution network reconfiguration for loss reduction.
Online since: August 2020
Authors: Zainab Abdul Rdha Thoeny
The chemical additives were high range water reduction (superplasticizer), the main component is Melamine Formaldehyde Sulfonate.
The technical data for the product is shown in Table 2.
Technical data.
The reduction in water to gypsum ratio was (7.5) % for the paste G5s comparing to the reference paste, and it was increased with 15% comparing to the reference paste, this can be attributed to the smaller particle size gives higher surface area which suggest a higher area is exposed to dissolution.
The reduction in setting time for pastes (G5s, G6s) were (8 and 23)% compared to the paste (G4s ), because the finest particles are characterized by a high tendency to dissolution due to the surface tension.
The technical data for the product is shown in Table 2.
Technical data.
The reduction in water to gypsum ratio was (7.5) % for the paste G5s comparing to the reference paste, and it was increased with 15% comparing to the reference paste, this can be attributed to the smaller particle size gives higher surface area which suggest a higher area is exposed to dissolution.
The reduction in setting time for pastes (G5s, G6s) were (8 and 23)% compared to the paste (G4s ), because the finest particles are characterized by a high tendency to dissolution due to the surface tension.
Online since: May 2024
Authors: Ojo Sunday Isaac Fayomi, Joshua O. Atiba, Alima. O Derek
Through this process, novel constituents emerge on the cathode's surface due to the reduction or deposition of electroactive elements [12].
This indicates that the increase in CaO and MnO2 particles contributed to the reduction of Zn ions toward the surface of mild steel.
Table 5 and Figure 2 illustrate the polarization curve and data for the polarization of the composite Zn-CaO-MnO2 coatings under degrading conditions of NaCl.
Polarization Data for Zn-CaO-MnO2 Coated Samples Sample Ecorr (V) jcorr (A/cm2) Cr (mm/year) Pr (Ω) │ba│ (V/dec) │bc│ (V/dec) As-received -1.0957 1.157E-03 13.449 8.17 0.0341 0.0603 Zn-1.5CaO-1.5MnO2 -1.0898 5.359E-04 6.2276 10.65 0.0489 0.0255 Zn-3CaO-3MnO2 -1.0807 3.899E-04 4.5311 13.23 0.0903 0.0336 Zn-4.5CaO-4.5MnO2 -1.059 1.877E-04 2.1809 35.04 0.0284 0.0289 Zn-6CaO-6MnO2 -1.0952 1.774E-04 2.0618 45.62 0.1057 0.1609 Fig. 2.
Chloride ions penetrate the protective layer and initiate anodic dissolution of zinc (Eq. 1) concurrently with cathodic reactions, specifically involving oxygen reduction (Eq. 2).
This indicates that the increase in CaO and MnO2 particles contributed to the reduction of Zn ions toward the surface of mild steel.
Table 5 and Figure 2 illustrate the polarization curve and data for the polarization of the composite Zn-CaO-MnO2 coatings under degrading conditions of NaCl.
Polarization Data for Zn-CaO-MnO2 Coated Samples Sample Ecorr (V) jcorr (A/cm2) Cr (mm/year) Pr (Ω) │ba│ (V/dec) │bc│ (V/dec) As-received -1.0957 1.157E-03 13.449 8.17 0.0341 0.0603 Zn-1.5CaO-1.5MnO2 -1.0898 5.359E-04 6.2276 10.65 0.0489 0.0255 Zn-3CaO-3MnO2 -1.0807 3.899E-04 4.5311 13.23 0.0903 0.0336 Zn-4.5CaO-4.5MnO2 -1.059 1.877E-04 2.1809 35.04 0.0284 0.0289 Zn-6CaO-6MnO2 -1.0952 1.774E-04 2.0618 45.62 0.1057 0.1609 Fig. 2.
Chloride ions penetrate the protective layer and initiate anodic dissolution of zinc (Eq. 1) concurrently with cathodic reactions, specifically involving oxygen reduction (Eq. 2).
Online since: March 2014
Authors: Igor Iuco Castro-Silva, José Mauro Granjeiro, Bruno Giorno, Alexandre Malta Rossi
There was a reduction in the inflammatory infiltrate throughout the experimental periods, predominantly composed of mononuclear cells concomitant with the increase in compaction of a less cellularized, fibrous capsule.
There was a reduction in the cellularity of the fibrous capsule in relation to the previous period. 1% ZnHA group presented a fibrous capsule well cellularized with a mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate containing cells suggesting macrophages, free of giant cells.
These results are lighter than those observed for the 5% ZnHA [26] and may be explained at the molecular level with 1% ZnHA inducing a reduction of the inflammatory response by decreasing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages [27].
This data associated with biocompatibility observed in the present study suggests the potential application of ZnHA as bone graft.
Monica Diuana Calasans-Maia for the collaborative data interpretation.
There was a reduction in the cellularity of the fibrous capsule in relation to the previous period. 1% ZnHA group presented a fibrous capsule well cellularized with a mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate containing cells suggesting macrophages, free of giant cells.
These results are lighter than those observed for the 5% ZnHA [26] and may be explained at the molecular level with 1% ZnHA inducing a reduction of the inflammatory response by decreasing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages [27].
This data associated with biocompatibility observed in the present study suggests the potential application of ZnHA as bone graft.
Monica Diuana Calasans-Maia for the collaborative data interpretation.
Online since: April 2021
Authors: D. Benny Anburaj, S. Joshua Gnanamuthu, S. Sathiya, J. Vijayapriya, K. Parasuraman, Govindasamy Nedunchezhian
It can be seen that the diffraction features of all the samples can be indexed with the ZnO hexagonal phase of wurtzite type structure (space group P63mc), which are in good agreement with standard data (JCPDS No. 36-1451).
The lattice parameter (c) and microstrain (ε) of the ZnO nanostructures were calculated using the XRD data according to the following formulas: 1d2=4(h2+hk+k2 ) 3a2+ l2c2 , (2) ε=βcosθ4, (3) where, β is the full width at the half maximum, θ is the peak position, and h, k and l are the miller indices.
For all the NPs, the high transmittance in the visible range of the spectrum and sharp reduction in the absorption band edges in the UV region of the spectrum indicate the good optical and crystal quality of the NPs in agreement with the XRD analyses.
With reduction in the band gap energy up to 3 at.% Co content, the higher number of carriers results in a better photocatalyst.
Tsuzuki, Co-doped ZnO nano powders: location of cobalt and reduction in photocatalytic activity, Mater.
The lattice parameter (c) and microstrain (ε) of the ZnO nanostructures were calculated using the XRD data according to the following formulas: 1d2=4(h2+hk+k2 ) 3a2+ l2c2 , (2) ε=βcosθ4, (3) where, β is the full width at the half maximum, θ is the peak position, and h, k and l are the miller indices.
For all the NPs, the high transmittance in the visible range of the spectrum and sharp reduction in the absorption band edges in the UV region of the spectrum indicate the good optical and crystal quality of the NPs in agreement with the XRD analyses.
With reduction in the band gap energy up to 3 at.% Co content, the higher number of carriers results in a better photocatalyst.
Tsuzuki, Co-doped ZnO nano powders: location of cobalt and reduction in photocatalytic activity, Mater.
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Chong Jian Ma, Hui Ming, Hua Shou Li
The storage yards of red mud after phytoremediation showed initial reduction of contaminated water and soils due to hazardous substances in red mud, which can afforest the mining zone and improve the air quality.
Data Analysis.
All data was processed by SPSS19 software for analysis of variance, and the Duncan’s new multiple range method was used for significance test of mean number Results and Analysis pH variation of soils at different stages of the processing since the improvement of red mud.
Bagasse showed poor adjustment performance of pH value so that the reduction of pH value was not significant.
After the plantation of Pennisetum hybridum, the conductivity of red mud mix matrix showed obvious reduction.
Data Analysis.
All data was processed by SPSS19 software for analysis of variance, and the Duncan’s new multiple range method was used for significance test of mean number Results and Analysis pH variation of soils at different stages of the processing since the improvement of red mud.
Bagasse showed poor adjustment performance of pH value so that the reduction of pH value was not significant.
After the plantation of Pennisetum hybridum, the conductivity of red mud mix matrix showed obvious reduction.
Online since: December 2012
Authors: Wen Nie, Wei Xu, Shan Shan Zhao
The results of the differential pressure test of the main air-leaking air doors
Air door
number
The side pressure energy of the inlet air of the air door
Internal pressure energy of the air door
The side pressure energy of the return air of the air door
Differential pressure of air leakage
(Pa)
Absolute pressure
(hPa)
Phase pressure
(mmH2O)
Absolute pressure (hPa)
Phase pressure
(mmH2O)
Absolute pressure (hPa)
Phase pressure
(mmH2O)
1
1132. 6
-33. 0
1129. 9
-61. 1
1129. 1
-68. 6
356
2
1132. 9
-30. 2
1126. 7
-93. 0
1126. 1
-99. 2
690
3
1133. 9
-20. 2
1130. 3
-56. 6
1125. 6
-105. 2
850
4
1133. 8
-21. 1
1128. 0
-79. 8
1127. 1
-89. 0
679
5
1127. 9
-81. 0
1125. 8
-102. 7
1125. 0
-111. 5
305
6
1127. 8
-81. 8
1127. 6
-84. 8
1124. 3
-117. 7
359
7
1128. 5
-78. 7
1124. 9
-111. 4
1122. 8
-134. 9
562
8
1134. 5
-14. 3
1134. 4
-14. 4
1134. 3
-16. 2
19
9
1134. 5
-13. 5
1124. 9
-112. 1
1124. 3
-118. 7
1052
10
1135. 9
0. 8
1030. 9
-50. 3
1121. 8
-142. 8
1436
It can be deferred from the data
For ventilation structure, we mainly use drag reduction to increase its integrity and to reduce the air leakage. (3) For the air door sill of the rail haulage roadway, additional wind shield is needed.
Table 5 The effect of air leakage control for the main leaking air doors Air door number QL1 (m3/min) QL2 (m3/min) △QL (m3/min) Rate of air-leakage reduction (%) 1 41. 28 17. 90 23. 38 56. 6 2 65. 37 24. 92 40. 45 61. 9 3 56. 74 24. 72 32. 02 56. 4 4 61. 55 27. 66 33. 89 55. 1 5 38. 12 16. 57 21. 55 56. 5 6 40. 61 17. 97 22. 64 55. 7 7 51. 45 22. 49 28. 96 56. 3 8 15. 33 / / / 9 69. 81 30. 77 39. 04 55. 9 10 59. 07 29. 35 29. 72 50. 3 Footing 499. 33 56. 1 According to sheet5, after the application of above methods, the problem of air leakage of the main air doors in SHAOYAO mine has been relatively alleviated, the average reduction rate being 55%.
The above data prove that air leakage has been reduced by 56.1% averagely after applying new methods.
For ventilation structure, we mainly use drag reduction to increase its integrity and to reduce the air leakage. (3) For the air door sill of the rail haulage roadway, additional wind shield is needed.
Table 5 The effect of air leakage control for the main leaking air doors Air door number QL1 (m3/min) QL2 (m3/min) △QL (m3/min) Rate of air-leakage reduction (%) 1 41. 28 17. 90 23. 38 56. 6 2 65. 37 24. 92 40. 45 61. 9 3 56. 74 24. 72 32. 02 56. 4 4 61. 55 27. 66 33. 89 55. 1 5 38. 12 16. 57 21. 55 56. 5 6 40. 61 17. 97 22. 64 55. 7 7 51. 45 22. 49 28. 96 56. 3 8 15. 33 / / / 9 69. 81 30. 77 39. 04 55. 9 10 59. 07 29. 35 29. 72 50. 3 Footing 499. 33 56. 1 According to sheet5, after the application of above methods, the problem of air leakage of the main air doors in SHAOYAO mine has been relatively alleviated, the average reduction rate being 55%.
The above data prove that air leakage has been reduced by 56.1% averagely after applying new methods.
Online since: December 2014
Authors: Yi Lin Wang, Ming Tu Ma, Lei Feng Song, Yi Sheng Zhang
More CO2 will be produced for the constantly increasing automotive production, energy saving and emission reduction of automotive industry is urgent.
Energy saving and emission reduction of automotive have been widely concerned in the world, relevant laws and regulations have been carried out.
In addition, the CCT curves under the condition of extra deformation and properties data of material should be taken in account for technological process simulation.
Developing technology of hot cutting edge, reduction cutting cost using laser.
Research on avoid oxidation and temperature reduction during transmission of blanks after heating.
Energy saving and emission reduction of automotive have been widely concerned in the world, relevant laws and regulations have been carried out.
In addition, the CCT curves under the condition of extra deformation and properties data of material should be taken in account for technological process simulation.
Developing technology of hot cutting edge, reduction cutting cost using laser.
Research on avoid oxidation and temperature reduction during transmission of blanks after heating.
Online since: November 2015
Authors: Nicolai Bancescu, Constantin Dulucheanu, Traian Severin
From the analysis of the experimental data obtained it has resulted that the use of ultrasound for martensitic quenching of these steels ensures changes to the properties favorable to elements of ball bearings and may represent an effective way of increasing the quality of bearings; the technology is relatively simple, it does not require substantial constructive changes in the quenching machines and no further investment of large values.
Starting from the hypothesis that the coolant is incompressible, it can be considered that this transfers the ultrasound energy of the product subjected to cooling, and the additional input of energy during martensitic transformation has contributed to a reduction in the volume of residual austenite from Fig. 1.
By analysing the experimental data as shown in Fig. 3 it is found that the dimensional stability in time of quenched products in ultrasonic field (US) is superior to that obtained by other quenching technologies analysed (CL, CM, KR), being comparable only to that obtained by cryogenic quenching (KR); thus, compared with the values obtained for the products classical quenched (CL), it has been demonstrated an increase of linear deformation over time, by an average of 32.52 % for CM type and variations of less than 6.016 % for US type and 7.233 % for the KR type.
Weibull distribution parameters for the tribological models tested Tribological model Type of quenching Weibull distribution parameters e a L10 L50 “ball - torus” CL 1.471 3.935 11.08 40 CM 1.425 3.497 6.57 24 US 1.779 3.883 13.7 42 KR 1.546 3.448 7.33 24.8 “roll – ring” CL 1.1679 7.099 1.033 5.187 US 1.9088 11.96 3.5979 9.652 Processing the experimental data obtained from durability tests carried out on the two tribological models have revealed sensitive changes in the values of Weibull distribution parameters according to the technology used for martensitic quenching; considering as reference the values obtained for the specimen batch with “CL” heat treatment, these changes are shown in Table 2.
· Durability tests have demonstrated the superiority of ultrasonic quenching (US); the results obtained from processing the experimental data have highlighted sensitive increases in the values of Weibull distribution parameter for batches of specimens submitted to this type of martensitic quenching.
Starting from the hypothesis that the coolant is incompressible, it can be considered that this transfers the ultrasound energy of the product subjected to cooling, and the additional input of energy during martensitic transformation has contributed to a reduction in the volume of residual austenite from Fig. 1.
By analysing the experimental data as shown in Fig. 3 it is found that the dimensional stability in time of quenched products in ultrasonic field (US) is superior to that obtained by other quenching technologies analysed (CL, CM, KR), being comparable only to that obtained by cryogenic quenching (KR); thus, compared with the values obtained for the products classical quenched (CL), it has been demonstrated an increase of linear deformation over time, by an average of 32.52 % for CM type and variations of less than 6.016 % for US type and 7.233 % for the KR type.
Weibull distribution parameters for the tribological models tested Tribological model Type of quenching Weibull distribution parameters e a L10 L50 “ball - torus” CL 1.471 3.935 11.08 40 CM 1.425 3.497 6.57 24 US 1.779 3.883 13.7 42 KR 1.546 3.448 7.33 24.8 “roll – ring” CL 1.1679 7.099 1.033 5.187 US 1.9088 11.96 3.5979 9.652 Processing the experimental data obtained from durability tests carried out on the two tribological models have revealed sensitive changes in the values of Weibull distribution parameters according to the technology used for martensitic quenching; considering as reference the values obtained for the specimen batch with “CL” heat treatment, these changes are shown in Table 2.
· Durability tests have demonstrated the superiority of ultrasonic quenching (US); the results obtained from processing the experimental data have highlighted sensitive increases in the values of Weibull distribution parameter for batches of specimens submitted to this type of martensitic quenching.
Online since: May 2014
Authors: Gianluigi de Mare, Antonio Nesticò
The analysis and calculations are carried out in relation to the project for the construction of a mechanical vector in the town of Vietri sul Mare in the province of Salerno (Italy), which is useful in ensuring the decongestion of road traffic and the consequent reduction in travel times along the Amalfi Coast.
Cross-section of the project From the topographic and geotechnical characteristics of the intervention, depending on the height difference and technical data that characterise the different types of lifts, also through comparisons with lift manufacturers, there is the opportunity to make use of combined lifts with an electric ECO power system.
Data from the Provincial Tourist Board and the State Railway give the number of tourists visiting Vietri via train, with 207,773 users.
The input data required to activate the SAM Campania is the investment cost in the construction sector for the realization of the mechanical vector.
The logical path defined, from the real data to numerical calculations using methods of economic analysis, is an evaluative practice that can also be applied to project initiatives in other sectors.
Cross-section of the project From the topographic and geotechnical characteristics of the intervention, depending on the height difference and technical data that characterise the different types of lifts, also through comparisons with lift manufacturers, there is the opportunity to make use of combined lifts with an electric ECO power system.
Data from the Provincial Tourist Board and the State Railway give the number of tourists visiting Vietri via train, with 207,773 users.
The input data required to activate the SAM Campania is the investment cost in the construction sector for the realization of the mechanical vector.
The logical path defined, from the real data to numerical calculations using methods of economic analysis, is an evaluative practice that can also be applied to project initiatives in other sectors.