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Its reliability is a key factor for the safe operation of the ship.
Smith et al.’s (2005) work aimed at describing how much a conceptual decision may affect the improvement of reliability.
Zhu et al. (2017) presented a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art online sensors for measuring lubricant properties (e.g. wear debris, water, viscosity, aeration, soot, corrosion, and sulfur content) [20].
Pawashe et al. (2017) discussed the oil fault diagnosis techniques and change of oil properties and contamination [21].
Fenton, ‘Applying Bayesian Belief Networks to System Dependability Assessment’, in Safety-Critical Systems: The Convergence of High Tech and Human Factors, F.

The solution method of our numerical model is integral finite difference and in the model the width and length of each simulated block grid is 35m and 70m respectively.Because the heat exchange between caprock and reservoir rock is little and has little impact on heat extraction rate to CO2-EGS for two-dimensional system[8],the model is regard as closed system. lateral boundaries are zero flow boundaries. 2.2 schematics with different CO2 injection temperature and simulation tool There are many factors influence the heat withdrawal in CO2-EGS.
And the key factors include three aspects, injected CO2 temperature, pressure setting of injection well and production well, and the distance between wells.
CO2-EGS is a complex system within thermal, hydraulic and mechanical multi-field coupling.
In summary, the changes of injected CO2 temperature can affect the heat extraction rate of EGS significantly.
[6] Fu Jinhua : A study of the Sealing Properties of the Palaeozoic Caprocks in Erduosi Basin.Atural Gas Industry Vol.6(1991), p.6-11 [7] KANG Ling,WANG Shi-long and LI Chuan: Reservoir technology in enhanced geothermal systems.

Composites forming processes involve mechanical interactions on the ply, tow, and filament level.
A thorough understanding of the frictional properties of individual filaments is essential to understand and to predict the macroscopic deformations of a fabric during forming.
Introduction The deformations that occur in composites forming processes mainly result in compaction and shear loads, which both depend on the frictional properties of the fibrous tows.
The macro deformation behaviour of the fabric is determined by the individual tow properties.
In this research, however, the surface properties were assessed in the range of 0.01–1 μm without accounting for the fractal nature of surface roughness.

As this review shows, irradiation can also be very useful for intentionally optimizing material properties and, when performed under very well controlled conditions, for understanding defects properties and their impact on large-scale material properties.
How might these irradiation conditions alter key properties such as mechanical behavior and hydrogen retention, the latter being a major safety concern for tritium?
As this review shows, irradiation can be very useful for optimizing material properties and, when performed under very well-controlled conditions, for understanding defect properties and their impact on macroscopic material properties.
Caturla, Mechanical property degradation in irradiated materials: A multiscale modeling approach, Nucl.
Lukac, Radiation damage evolution in High Entropy Alloys (HEAs) caused by 3–5 MeV Au and 5 MeV Cu ions in a broad range of dpa in connection to mechanical properties and internal morphology, Nucl.

After the calibration of a numerical model that helped in understanding the “cambering phenomenon”, the following analytical formulation has been proposed: (1) where: · α = [(kc EJ∞)/( EJ0 EA0)]0.5; · EJ0 is the flexural stiffness of the composite beam with no mechanical connections; · n is the total number of fastener couples arranged along the beam
The resulting formula for determining the upward camber (given the mechanical properties of the beams and of the fasteners) has shown the capability of reproducing the experimental behavior with promising accuracy.
It must be noted that test type 6 were affected by a high scattering (CoV = 0.16) and therefore required further investigation.
A probable reason might be found analyzing the pull-through capacity formula which contains the following member: (2) Consequently, providing that the head pull-through capacity is the limiting factor, it can be noted how a wood density 80 % bigger (as it was observed for the chestnut), would yield a pressure increase of 60 %.
It can be seen that the loss was affected by the screw size: the bigger the screw (diameter or thread length) the smaller the reduction.

The precision processing machineries often require a stable working environment, because vibration is an important factor on reducing system performance.
For example, in the precision optical equipments, small vibration will affect the focus, and excessive vibration will cause the destruction of the system structure.
Another advantage of air spring is that the energy-storage capacity of air is much greater per unit weight than that of mechanical spring material, so that the pneumatic isolation system can result in a natural frequency for the system which is much lower than the vibration isolators made by mechanical springs [2].
The valve’s response affects the accuracy of the system significantly.
Dynamic Model of the PWM Pneumatic Isolation System Principle of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a transmission data signal with high frequency periodic waveform.

Then this effect was explored in materials having elastic properties by Marvan [7].
Tagantsev et al. [36] reviewed the effect of strain gradient on polarization properties of ferroelectric thin films.
The occurrence of dead layer has been attributed to several factors such as a secondary low permittivity phase at the surface of the films, misfit dislocations and electric field penetration into the metal electrodes [58, 59].
Sharma, Atomistic determination of flexoelectric properties of crystalline dielectrics, Phys.
Ramesh, Can interface dislocations degrade ferroelectric properties?

During transportation, some factors such as high pressure drop, heat transfer, different velocities, and flow regimes are critical, and they should be considered in the design development of these systems.
The thermo-physical properties of the fluids used in the simulation are presented in Table 1.
Table 1 - Properties of the fluids used in the simulation.
It is noticed changes in the oil velocity at the entrance region strongly affect the velocity profile of the oil/water mixture.
Masters dissertation in Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil, 143p. 2011.

These components are used under complex loading conditions in service, e.g. mechanical, thermal or thermo-mechanical loads [2].
Complex triaxial stresses form in the thin brazing zone due to the different elastic-plastic properties of the filler metal and the base material and the constraining effect of the base material under mechanical loading.
This high stress triaxiality remarkably affects the joint strength [3].
High crack growth rates in the intermediate range are probably related to the complex triaxial stress state in the brazing zone, which is a result of the different elastic-plastic properties of the filler metal and the base material.
This observation was explained by the triaxial stress state in the filler metal, which is a result of the different elasticplastic material properties of the filler metal and the base material.

The surface roughness caused by these structures plays a decisive role in interfacial properties.
Moreover, the surface roughness of the carbon fiber has a major influence on the interfacial strength and thus on the mechanical performance of the composite and its failure behavior: A high surface roughness improves mechanical interlocking and contributes to the effective surface area for chemical bonding, both of which are important factors concerning the interfacial strength [3].
Carbon fibers are sized by polymer dilutions to improve interfacial properties and to protect the fiber surface during further processing.
As described in [14], a single surface profile line does not reflect surface properties in a reliable way.
Simitzis, Surface properties of PAN-based carbon fibers tuned by anodic oxidation in different alkaline electrolyte systems, Applied Surface Science 143 (1999) 45–55