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Effect of Barium Aluminates on Acid Resistance of Fracturing Proppants Shiao Zhao1, Bolin Wu1,a, Shuo Qin1, Yanrong Zhao1, Zusheng Hu2,b 1College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology Guilin, P.R.China 2College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology Guilin, P.R.China E-mail: awubolin3211@gmail.com,bhzs6691@glite.edu.cn Keywords: Acid resistance; Barium aluminates; Silicon-free; Fracturing proppants Abstract.
Acid resistance test was carried out in 12 wt% HCl + 3 wt% HF at 65 oC for 30 minutes according to The Petroleum and Gas Industrial Standards of China (SY/T5108-2006) and morphology, structure and chemical analysis of the samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.
As seen from Fig. 5，the inner structure of Fig 5.
A very dense passivation layer has generated on the surface of the sample during the corrosion process, which prevents the mixed acid from eroding the inner structure of the samples.
While in Fig. 6, the fracture surfaces of the sample 5 is relatively rough, and there exist a number of pores and micro-cracks by which the mixed acid can through to futher erode the inner structure.

The presence of PAni-Cs was confirmed by observing its structure using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.
Moreover, the synthesized films were observed through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine the chemical structure of the composite.
(a) FTIR spectra of the films with lactic acid (b) FTIR spectra of the films with acetic acid Moreover, the addition of PAni was confirmed by the bands at 1557-1571cm-1 which corresponds to stretching of C=N of the quinonoid structure and 846 cm-1 due to the bending vibration of the benzenoid structure.
The lactic acid content was proven in the samples as the lactic acid structures are resonantly enhanced (Fig. 2a).
Liu, "Polyaniline-based glucose biosensor: A review," Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, pp. 138-153, 2016

According to existing theories of mechanical chemistry [11], the initiation of chemical reactions is triggered by the heat generated in the processing of powders, by dislocations' energy during plastic deformation, by release of the elastic energy stored in the solid state, and by the presence of multiple interfaces.
As a result of dynamic polygonization the amorphous structure undergoes transformation into a nanocrystalline structure consisting of small subgrains.
The resulting TiNiHf coating has a nanoscale structure with grain size of 80 - 120 nm (Fig. 4).
Effect of heat treatment on the structure, functional and mechanical properties of the TiNiHf surface layer The main aim of the heat treatment in this work was to achieve the effect of structure stabilization at possible relaxation of residual stresses after the spraying.
Titanium Nickelide: Structure and Properties.

Influence of Pressure on Polaron Energy in a Wurtzite GaN/AlxGa1-xN Quantum Well Zhao Feng-Qi1,a*, Dai Xiao-Mei1,b 1College of Physics and Electronic Information, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for Physics and Chemistry of Functional Materials, Hohhot 010022, P.
Their results indicate that, in the single wurtzite QW structure, there are four long-wave optical phonon modes with electronic interactions.
Pressure can effectively shorten the distance between the atoms of the material and increase the overlapping of adjacent electron orbits, thereby changing the crystal structure, the electronic structure and the interaction between the atoms (molecules) to form a new material state.
These kinds of new material state hardly exist under normal pressure and have different atmospheric structure, novel physical and chemical properties.
The reason for this phenomenon is that, as x increases, the potential barrier of the QW structure becomes higher, so that the confinement effect of the QW structure on the electron is enhanced, which leads to the increase of E0 and .

A new covering car with multi-layers structure attaching flexible solar panels were designed to increase effectively sun protection, the nitrile rubber foam divided the light and heat radiation of the sun, the flexible solar panel converted solar energy into electric energy and supplied for the air conditioner to regulate inside car temperature.
Structure of Solar Panel- Awning-Nitrile Rubber Cover Figure 2 shows cover layouts, these are multi-layers structure, the nitrile rubber foam is put between of two awning layers, the six solar panels of 100W are adapted on the array of awning layers, and the roof for electric line is also designed, the main cover and auxiliary covers are connected by fast connection cables, the cover is hold tight on car by padlock wire.
Structure of Solar panel- awning-Nitrile rubber cover Cover connection cable Left cover Right cover Solar panel 100W Nitrile rubber foam With A-A 10:1 ratio Solar panel 100W Electric line awning The Characteristics and Performance of Nitrile Rubber Foam To estimate the performance of nitrile rubber foam on cover for cooling system outdoor sparking car, the nitrile rubber foam HI-NBR made by Guangzhou Cheerfore Insulation, China.
Conclusions Effects of using nitrile rubber foam and solar panels on cover for cooling outdoor sparking car were investigated, a new covering car with multi-layers structure attaching flexible solar panels were designed to increase effectively sun radiation protection, the nitrile rubber foam divided the light and heat radiation of the sun, the flexible solar panel converted solar energy into electric energy and supplied for the air conditioner to regulate inside car temperature.
Rubber Chemistry and Technology: July 1978, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 389-405

The FTIR results showed that the blending of Chi-Alg and nanoparticles was excellent, and no obvious differences in the spectra or any changes in the structures of the polymer matrices were observed.
The implant surface, with its structure and composition, plays a critical role in achieving strong cell adherence to the biomaterial [3].
The addition of TiO2 and Nb2O5 resulted in a uniform and homogeneous finishing surface, a fine grain structure with excellent integration, and a distribution of the reinforced particles throughout the natural polymer matrix of the coating.
The pore structure of Chi-Alg with TiO2-Nb2O5 coating was clearly defined and interconnected, whereas the addition of TiO2 or Nb2O5 nanoparticales to the Chi-Alg biocomposite resulted in a reduced pore structure.
Bai, Superior corrosion protection and in vitro biocompatibility of Na-HAp/CS composite coating on PoPD-coated 316L SS, Materials Today Chemistry, 10, (2018) 153-166

The structures of PAA and PI films were characterized by FT-IR spectra and degree of imidization of PAA solution was indicated from IR spectra.
Then, PI were obtained thermally from PAA undergone a special high-temperature (300℃ {TTP}8451 ), leading to polyheterocyclization along the macromolecular chain to give the completely chemical structure of the PI.
The structure of PAA and PI were investigated and inherent viscosity, the glass transition temperature and the degradation-starting temperature were determined, respectively.
From the IR spectra, the structures of PAA and PI were analysized.
FT-IR characterization The structures of PAA and PI polymers were identified by IR spectra.

The strength, elongation and structure of the fabric were investigated and the changes analysed.
This entanglement can be affected by the structure which is in turn affected by the method of construction [4, 6, 7].
The structure determines how the fibres will bond hence the different properties for the differently manufactured fabrics.
In nonwoven there are three kinds of pores structures can be observed and these are the closed pores, blind pores and through pores[4, 9].
Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2012, 81(9):1465-1470

The powders of spraying which were heated to liquid state by oxygen-acetylene flame hot spraying process flied to the metal substrate and formed lamellar structure.
There is different crystal structure between ceramic coating and metal substrate.
Materials Chemistry and Physics, 67(2001), p.214-219
Development and application of high strength ternary boride base cermets [J].Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 179(2006), p.2809–2818.

One of the often used approaches - the laminar structure approach [3-6] - improves the structural reliability by designing novel laminar composites which promote crack deflection on interlayer boundaries and/or utilize compressive residual stresses generated during cooling down from the sintering temperature as a result of differences in thermal expansion coefficients between layers with different compositions.
This phenomenon can result in a higher ∆T's in the case of multilayered structure comparing to the monolithic material.
The higher high temperature properties of the layered composite in bending were caused by the improved properties of outer layer, where the intergranularly located SiC nanoparticles hinder the grain growth of the Si3N4, changing their shape and the shape and chemistry of the grain boundaries and grain boundary phases.
[37] E.F.Hockings, E.F.Krimmel W.Kurtz and P.Popper: Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, B5, (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1994)