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The case study is located in the city of Leghorn (Italy) where is a social housing center erected mainly in the ’60s (named “La Rosa”), containing about 1000 flats: it represents a typical Italian urban district based on pilotis r.c. buildings of several floors, clay units façades, affected by a high level of static and seismic vulnerability.
In total, there are 32 r.c. columns with cross section dimensions between 25 × 25 cm and 30 × 35 cm, with poor mechanical properties (as those related to C12/15 concrete [9]) and a high level of degradation (Fig. 2).
The expression proposed by the Eurocode [10] is , (2) where tj = 6 mm (thickness of the steel straps), b = 50 mm (width of the steel straps), dc = 1160 mm (length of the new steel grid), s = 300 mm (spacing of the steel straps), fyw = 275 N/mm2 (yield stress), a = 72 deg (inclination of compression force between two nodes) gM0 = 1.05 (partial safety factor).

Geometry and Material Properties.
Expansion tube Reduction tube Convex die Concave die Fig. 1 Schematic of expansion tube and reduction tube The deformation tubes are made mainly from steel, and its mechanical properties are listed in Table 1.
Table 1Mechanical properties of material Density Yong modulus Poisson ration Yield strength Tangent modulus 7.85E-6 [kg/mm3] 210 [GPa] 0.3 0.23 [GPa] 10 [GPa] Analytical Model.
Non-linear finite element code, LS-DYNA was employed to analyze the destruction pattern and energy absorbing properties of the expansion tube and the reduction tube system.
The useful material properties include Yong Modulus, Poisson Ration, Density and Tangent modulus which are listed in Table 1.

For stability reasons the scale factor α is typically set to a value of 0.9 (default) or some smaller value.
Then, in the mechanical energy balance, it appears an hourglass energy that is linked to the hourglass resisting forces against formation of hourglass modes.
Because the vibration for underground structures is affected greatly by the excited direction of seismic wave, three cases are considered in results analysis: seismic wave excites in X-axis direction, Y-axis direction and Z-axis direction (in Fig.1).
Conclusion It is insured that the harmonious units are used in this analysis when defining material parameters, because wrong units would affect the response and contact stiffness of the materials.
Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 20, No. 4 (1995), p.463 [3] Yan Songhong, Gao Bo and Pan Changshi: Dynamic Property Analysis on Joint for Submerged Tunnel Under Earthquake.

For an efficient and reliable design of such systems the knowledge of the properties of the materials used is of great importance.
Furthermore, there is an increasing influence of free surfaces on the physical properties of small samples.
On the one hand, only few layers of atoms are affected by the ion beam.
After etching, the surface roughness increased by a factor of two.
Engler, Materials Science and Engineering A - Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, Vol. 247 (1998), pp. 152-164

These techniques revealed vacancy properties for most metals [9, 10]. 3.
Important properties in all these applications are the ability to withstand high temperature and aggressive oxidizing or corrosive environments, as well as other properties such as low weight or inertia.
Intermetallics with B2 structure form a large group of intermetallic compounds with a broad variation of chemical, physical and mechanical properties.
-TiAl: This intermetallic has attracted attention as a structural material for high-temperature applications, because of its mechanical and corrosion properties and its fairly low density.
The ternary NiFeAl alloys were found to have better mechanical properties, with the Ni40Fe10Al50 composition revealing a maximum value of the creep resistance [19].

These are all major factors for the development of economically, rational, renewable energy technology platforms [1, 2].
These also affect the injection and combustion behaviour of the fuel.
Chemo-physical properties of biodiesel are the most important and indispensable factors to be considered in the production of biodiesel.
(2006) Fuel structure and properties of biodiesel produced by the peroxidation process.
Fuel properties Comparison of species of Microalgae and Selected second-generation oil feedstocks.

Mahmoudiniya, a.o., Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded ferrite-martensite DP700steel, Mater.
McNelley, a.o., Microstructures and Properties of Copper Alloys after Friction Stir Welding/Processing.
Shirazi, Microstructurals and mechanical properties of FSWed cooper plates under usage of shielding gas for different welding parameters, Mater.
Sarrafi, a.o., Evaluation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Aluminium to Copper Friction Stir Butt Welds.
Ebert, Magnesium: properties-applications-potential, Mater.

(5) where σq is the yield strength signifying the comprehensive property of aluminum alloy thick plate.
This is because the elastic modulus will change greatly in the tensile test if the test is immediately performed after quenching, which can seriously affect the measurement accuracy.
Thus, the tensile test is performed 72 hours late after quenching when the material property is stable.
(2) The non-uniformity of elastic modulus and shear modulus are the main factors that cause a W-shape distribution of residual stress when the stretching ratio exceeds a certain value
Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 47 (2011) 57-62

In a word, Mn and Cr segregation was the key cause of the carbides and the cracks, besides, internal stress of the forging during cooling was another reletive factor.
Closed-Form Solutions for Stress Intensity Factor and Elastic Crack Opening Displacement for Circumferential Through-Wall Cracks in the Interface between an Elbow and a Straight Pipe under Internal Pressure[J].
Effect of Cr Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon Steel Welds[J].
Effects of Mo, Cr and Nb on microstructure and mechanical properties of heat affected zone for Nb-bearing X80 pipeline steels[J].

Taking into account the set of physical and chemical properties of the given range of materials, tungsten most fully meets the requirements for high-temperature application in growing oxides and nitrides of certain metals with a melting point above 1800 oC.
A more significant factor than density, which affects the stability of the crucible, is the structural factor.
The stability of the geometric shape of single-crystal parts is associated with a more perfect structure, high purity, and density, affecting the thermal field's stability and the temperature gradient at the melt crystallization front.
One of the determining factors for obtaining high-quality single crystals that do not have gross deviations from the given geometric shape is the invariance of the geometry of the liquid metal bath during the growing process.
A pronounced difference in microhardness in different planes indicates the anisotropy of properties inherent in a single-crystal structure.