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Online since: August 2014
Authors: Tian Qing Liu, Xiang Qin Li, Ke Dong Song, Shi Xiao Li, Mei Yun Fang, Fang Xin Shi, Li Li Ji
The former was then cultured under static condition, while half of the latter grains were under static condition and half dynamic.
The results showed a great number of ADSCs within microbeads displayed strong green fluorescence while no cells showed red fluorescence.
There were a large number of irregular red mineralized nodules within microbeads in the three groups, and the number of red mineralized nodules formed by ADSCs was the greatest within CABP microbeads in spinner flask after osteogenic induction, and significantly lager within CABP microbeads than that in calcium alginate microbeads in static cultivation.
After 21 days, white microbeads in the three groups were completely ossification induced and showed black after von-Kossa staining, indicating that a good number of ADSCs within microbeads had performed osteogenic differentiation.
Large numbers of black nodes were observed in these profiles.
The results showed a great number of ADSCs within microbeads displayed strong green fluorescence while no cells showed red fluorescence.
There were a large number of irregular red mineralized nodules within microbeads in the three groups, and the number of red mineralized nodules formed by ADSCs was the greatest within CABP microbeads in spinner flask after osteogenic induction, and significantly lager within CABP microbeads than that in calcium alginate microbeads in static cultivation.
After 21 days, white microbeads in the three groups were completely ossification induced and showed black after von-Kossa staining, indicating that a good number of ADSCs within microbeads had performed osteogenic differentiation.
Large numbers of black nodes were observed in these profiles.
Online since: December 2012
Authors: Bao Yin, Bu Ren Jirigala, Alateng Tuya
The pressure and response indicators of human activities include population and structure indicators (rural population and population density); land usage and reclamation indicators include cultivation index, the proportion of grain crops, the proportion of effective irrigation area; industrial structure and investment structure indicators include the proportion of secondary industry, the proportion of tertiary industry, per capita investment in fixed assets.
Harmfulness index of natural disasters include the affected population, the number of casualties, the damage area, economic losses, and the data are from 1978 to 2009 collected by the Civil Affairs Department based on the county-level administrative units.
Economic indicators that reflect the regional poverty include per capita GDP, per capita fiscal income, per capita budget deficit, per capita net income of farmers and herdsmen, per capita food production, the number of per capita livestock; social welfare indicators that reflect the regional poverty include per capita retail sales of social consumer goods, per capita agricultural and pastoral mechanical power, per capita electricity consumption, per capita traffic, per capita amount of post and telecommunication services, the number of professional health personnel/ 10000 persons, the number of middle school students / 10000 persons, the number of elementary school students/ 10000 persons, etc.
Spatial interpolation: the number of meteorological observation stations requires to changing the point data into regional surface data using spatial interpolation.
Harmfulness index of natural disasters include the affected population, the number of casualties, the damage area, economic losses, and the data are from 1978 to 2009 collected by the Civil Affairs Department based on the county-level administrative units.
Economic indicators that reflect the regional poverty include per capita GDP, per capita fiscal income, per capita budget deficit, per capita net income of farmers and herdsmen, per capita food production, the number of per capita livestock; social welfare indicators that reflect the regional poverty include per capita retail sales of social consumer goods, per capita agricultural and pastoral mechanical power, per capita electricity consumption, per capita traffic, per capita amount of post and telecommunication services, the number of professional health personnel/ 10000 persons, the number of middle school students / 10000 persons, the number of elementary school students/ 10000 persons, etc.
Spatial interpolation: the number of meteorological observation stations requires to changing the point data into regional surface data using spatial interpolation.
Online since: October 2006
Authors: S. Kanagaraj, F.R. Varanda, Monica S.A. Oliveira, J.A. Simões
Keblinski et al. [2] proposed a number of possible mechanisms for the enhancement of
effective thermal conductivity by decreasing the grain size of the nanotube.
Thus, the relationship could be established between dependent and independent variables and the above equation can be rewritten as: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )Re,,, βαψ v keff = , (6) In the above equation, the effective thermal conductivity ratio of nanofluids is expressed in terms of the thermal conductivity ratio of nanotube and base fluid, volume fraction of nanotubes, aspect ratio and Reynolds number of the nanotubes.
To find the function,ψ, a number of experiments are to be conducted by varying only one operating parameter at a time, while the other variables are maintained at constant.
Thus, it may be suggested that keff may be further explained based on the exponents obtained from the nonlinear relationship among aspect ratio, thermal conductivity ratio of base fluid and nanotube, volume fraction and Reynolds number of the nanotube.
Thus, the relationship could be established between dependent and independent variables and the above equation can be rewritten as: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ∆ = nfnf p nf nf nff nf nfnt nf nf V dP v V Tk V Tk V Tdh µ χω γβ µµ ψ µ ,,,Re,,,,, 22 2 , (15) To find the function,ψ, a number of experiments are to be conducted by varying only one operating parameter at a time, while maintaining the other variables constant.
Thus, the relationship could be established between dependent and independent variables and the above equation can be rewritten as: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )Re,,, βαψ v keff = , (6) In the above equation, the effective thermal conductivity ratio of nanofluids is expressed in terms of the thermal conductivity ratio of nanotube and base fluid, volume fraction of nanotubes, aspect ratio and Reynolds number of the nanotubes.
To find the function,ψ, a number of experiments are to be conducted by varying only one operating parameter at a time, while the other variables are maintained at constant.
Thus, it may be suggested that keff may be further explained based on the exponents obtained from the nonlinear relationship among aspect ratio, thermal conductivity ratio of base fluid and nanotube, volume fraction and Reynolds number of the nanotube.
Thus, the relationship could be established between dependent and independent variables and the above equation can be rewritten as: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ∆ = nfnf p nf nf nff nf nfnt nf nf V dP v V Tk V Tk V Tdh µ χω γβ µµ ψ µ ,,,Re,,,,, 22 2 , (15) To find the function,ψ, a number of experiments are to be conducted by varying only one operating parameter at a time, while maintaining the other variables constant.
Online since: May 2010
Authors: Xing Wang, Zhong Lan Yuan, Ru Hui Zhang, Ye Du
Every effort is taken to limit the
number of required packets to identify each network connection.
A prototype of our approach has been implemented, and the preliminary evaluation shows that our hybrid approach is comprehensive for BT traffic identification at fine-grain level.
rPackNum Number of packets from Dest. to Src.
As a summary, the size of collected traffic and the number of TCP connections in each group are shown in Table 4.
In this case, we properly input more data-length information to increase the number of considered packets.
A prototype of our approach has been implemented, and the preliminary evaluation shows that our hybrid approach is comprehensive for BT traffic identification at fine-grain level.
rPackNum Number of packets from Dest. to Src.
As a summary, the size of collected traffic and the number of TCP connections in each group are shown in Table 4.
In this case, we properly input more data-length information to increase the number of considered packets.
Online since: July 2006
Authors: Miroslav Cieslar, P. Sláma, Margarita Slámová
The kinetics of recrystallization and the final
grain size are strongly affected by the characteristics of the particles in the alloy.
Moreover, many fine disopersoids of size 50 to 100 nm are observed in alloy A, while the number of dispersoids in alloy D is much smaller.
The number of dispersoids per unit volume is much lower than in the specimens quenched from 460°C or 480°C.
In contrast, the number of dispersoids is smaller in the Si-lean alloy D.
In the Si-lean alloy, the precipitation is spread into a larger temperature range, and due to the lack of Si, a smaller number of stable α-dispersoids form.
Moreover, many fine disopersoids of size 50 to 100 nm are observed in alloy A, while the number of dispersoids in alloy D is much smaller.
The number of dispersoids per unit volume is much lower than in the specimens quenched from 460°C or 480°C.
In contrast, the number of dispersoids is smaller in the Si-lean alloy D.
In the Si-lean alloy, the precipitation is spread into a larger temperature range, and due to the lack of Si, a smaller number of stable α-dispersoids form.
Online since: February 2014
Authors: Jie Zhang, Gil Yong Chung, Bernd Thomas, Stephan G. Mueller, Darren M. Hansen, Mark J. Loboda, Junichi Uchiyama, Timothy J. Toth, Ian Manning, Jeff P. Quast
As a result, the number provides an estimate of the basal planes per unit area.
As shown in Fig. 9, the BPD numbers are 1780 cm-2 for the wafer shown.
An interesting point to note is that this number is not the same as the number of those basal plane defects which intersect the wafer surface.
In fact, previous reports have suggested that the actual number intersecting the surface could be reduced by as much as 10X [6].
Microscope detection revealed a small number of visual defects on 150 mm wafers.
As shown in Fig. 9, the BPD numbers are 1780 cm-2 for the wafer shown.
An interesting point to note is that this number is not the same as the number of those basal plane defects which intersect the wafer surface.
In fact, previous reports have suggested that the actual number intersecting the surface could be reduced by as much as 10X [6].
Microscope detection revealed a small number of visual defects on 150 mm wafers.
Online since: July 2015
Authors: K. Gross
Number of papers on amorphous calcium phosphate made by precipitation, quenching of melts, sputtering and methods that destroy the crystal lattice (ball-milling and irradiation).
Particle/crystal or grain size.
Similarly, smaller grains in a solid increase the volume of disordered material in the grain boundary and so decreases the crystallinity. 3.
Particle/crystal or grain size.
Similarly, smaller grains in a solid increase the volume of disordered material in the grain boundary and so decreases the crystallinity. 3.
Online since: July 2013
Authors: Zhan Li Guo, Alisson D. Da Silva, Richard Turner, Nigel Sauders, Florian Schroeder, Paulo R. Cetlin, Jean Philippe Schillé
Goldstein, AIME, (Warrendale, PA: AIME, 1984) p. 125.
],
(3)
where a = b2(G-1)/2, b is an empirical coefficient, G is the ASTM grain size, D is an effective diffusion coefficient, ΔT is the undercooling, and q is an exponent dependent on the diffusion mechanism.
For the case where site saturation occurs, one has [22]: (5) where No is the total number of active nucleant sites.
It is nonetheless listed separately here to highlight its importance, as this is where various structural length scales (dislocations, particles, grains, etc.) are naturally covered, therefore playing a critical role in successful realisation of multiscale modelling [[] M.F.
While the contribution of solid solution strengthening follows an approach similar to that of Eq. 8, the consideration of Hall-Patch grain size effect and precipitation strengthening have to be considered differently.
For the case where site saturation occurs, one has [22]: (5) where No is the total number of active nucleant sites.
It is nonetheless listed separately here to highlight its importance, as this is where various structural length scales (dislocations, particles, grains, etc.) are naturally covered, therefore playing a critical role in successful realisation of multiscale modelling [[] M.F.
While the contribution of solid solution strengthening follows an approach similar to that of Eq. 8, the consideration of Hall-Patch grain size effect and precipitation strengthening have to be considered differently.
Online since: June 2025
Authors: Mikito Kitayama, Naru Shinohara
The number of specimens were five.
In Fig. 5 (a), the small diffraction peaks obtained in 2θ = 25 ~ 50° would be Y₂Si₃O₃N₄ which was the grain boundary phase, which was not observed in Fig. 5 (b) indicating that the acid treatment was able to completely remove the grain boundary phase.
As the amount of SiO₂ in the grain boundary phase increases, the liquid phase temperature would decrease from ~1900℃ (YAG) down to ~1400℃ according to the Al₂O₃-Y₂O₃-SiO₂ phase diagram as shown in Fig. 8 [13].
In Fig. 5 (a), the small diffraction peaks obtained in 2θ = 25 ~ 50° would be Y₂Si₃O₃N₄ which was the grain boundary phase, which was not observed in Fig. 5 (b) indicating that the acid treatment was able to completely remove the grain boundary phase.
As the amount of SiO₂ in the grain boundary phase increases, the liquid phase temperature would decrease from ~1900℃ (YAG) down to ~1400℃ according to the Al₂O₃-Y₂O₃-SiO₂ phase diagram as shown in Fig. 8 [13].
Online since: June 2025
Authors: Xi Wu Li, Kai Wen, Ying Li, Peng Cheng Chen, Hai Tao Lin
One of them is an irregular-shaped phase with light gray contrast, which is predominantly distributed along grain boundaries and usually exhibits smooth interfacial morphology, as illustrated in regions B2, B3, and C2 of Fig. 1.
The second type is a dark gray contrast phase, which is morphologically similar to the first type but with lower number density, as shown in regions A2, B1, and C1 of Fig. 1.
This reticulated phase displays spheroidal or ellipsoidal morphologies within grain interiors (as shown in region A1 of Fig. 1) while adopting irregular morphology at grain boundaries combined with the other two types (as shown in regions B4 and C3 in Fig. 1).
The second type is a dark gray contrast phase, which is morphologically similar to the first type but with lower number density, as shown in regions A2, B1, and C1 of Fig. 1.
This reticulated phase displays spheroidal or ellipsoidal morphologies within grain interiors (as shown in region A1 of Fig. 1) while adopting irregular morphology at grain boundaries combined with the other two types (as shown in regions B4 and C3 in Fig. 1).