Search results

Most of the structures visible in forward bias but invisible in reverse bias are caused by local recombination currents at the edge region and in a number of spots in the interior area.
Fig. 6: (a) Infrared transmission light microscopy image of SiC filaments in a grain boundary, (b) SEM image of SiC filaments in a grain boundary after surface etching The most important material-induced ohmic shunt type in MC material is caused by SiC filaments crossing the whole cell.
These filaments may be several mm long with some µm in diameter and are growing during block crystallization preferentially in grain boundaries [25].

This rock, named Albero, is an equigranular medium to coarse grained granite [14] composed by quartz (21.9%), k-feldspar (42.6%), plagioclase (22.6%), muscovite (5.8%), biotite (7 %) and accessories minerals (apatite, zircon, rutile, chlorite and sillimanite).
The main grain size is 5 mm.
The abrasive used is a fine grained sand (0.5-0.1 mm) composed by 99% SiO2.
The cleaning efficiency of chemical procedures is, in some cases, linked to the number of applications.

Due to their similar locations in the alkali group of the periodic system of elements, sodium and lithium have a number of chemical properties.
In the 500x magnification image, it can be seen that many small grains are spread unevenly with varying sizes, and the clumps form large particles.
In Figure 4, with a magnification of 1000 times, small cuboidal grains with a non-uniform distribution begin to appear.
The increase in agglomerate size makes the distance between the particles closer, so that the grain boundaries between particles are not visible [11].

Detect of stress prehistory: a) reversible and irreversible process of stress magnetization [3]; b) identification of blade fatigue risk (Hp =f(blade number)) [5] The diagnostic signal in the Metal Magnetic Memory method When a substance is exposed to the influence of a magnetic field, it behaves in various ways, depending upon the physical and chemical properties of the material examined.
Type II stresses equilibrate over a number of grain dimensions.
Type III stresses on the other hand exist over atomic dimensions and balance within the grain.
Risk of magnetic storm and wrong MMM diagnose are correlated with: • the sunspot number and scale of the phenomena, Table 3 • interplanetary disturbances from the Sun (value of solar wind) which describe the official planetary Kp index.

Introduction Pipelines constitute the massive way for gas and oil transport with the lowest ratio number of accidents over transported quantities.
C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo S Cu Ti Nb Al 0.206 1.257 0.293 0.014 0.017 0.006 0.009 0.011 0.001 <0.03 0.034 The API 5L X52 is a carbon-manganese steel (C-Mn), with a low sulphur content in (90 ppm), nevertheless it is sufficient to engender manganese sulphide inclusions during elaboration, niobium is added to control the austenite grain size. 2.3 Microstructure analysis The precise elaboration of the material is unknown; however, the observed microstructure is typical of those encountered in steels for pipelines.
The ferrite grains have an irregular globular shape and are slightly oriented in the direction of rolling, the diameters range from 7 to 15 mm, Fig. 4.
References [1] 7th Report of the European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group, “GAS PIPELINE INCIDENTS (1970 – 2007)”, Doc. number: EGIG 08.TV.0502, December (2008)
[3] 5th Report of the European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group, “GAS PIPELINE INCIDENTS (1970 – 2001)”, Doc. number: EGIG 02.R.0058, September (2002)

Among the mostly studied ceramics of low atomic number, SiC is a suitable inert strengthening phase.
This phase may be resulted from two following cases: firstly, the recrystalli- zation and grain growth of nanoscale Al2O3 particles originally existing in the obtained Ti3Si(Al)C2 raw powders, which is in agreement with the results of Sun et al. [9].
From viewpoint of image contrast for different phases, Ti is the constituent element of the above gray phases, because it has the largest atomic number in the possible phases of Ti3Si(Al)C2, TiC, TiSi2 and SiC.
Also, the dark gray phases dispersed in the matrix should be Al2O3 and some other phases with low atomic number.
(3) The Al2O3 phase in the composite is resulted from the recrystallization and grain growth of the nanoscale Al2O3 originally existing in the Ti3Si(Al)C2 raw powders.

The XRD test results of the Ni0.5Mn0.3Co0.2C2O4.2H2O (NMC532 precursor-oxalate) showed that the peak formed in the sample are almost similar to the reference nickel oxalate dihydrate or Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) card number. 25-0582 [8], while the slight difference can be attributed to the presence of Co and Mn atoms in the crystal structure [9].
Based on the appearance analyzed through SEM, the distribution of Ni0.5Mn0.3Co0.2C2O4.2H2O (NMC532-oxalate) precursor grains can be identified using ImageJ software.
Based on the identification of the grain distribution of the sample LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC532) using ImageJ software at a magnification of ×5000, the particle sizes in the sample have average size of 733-1533 nm.
While the cycle is the number of charge-discharge processes carried out on the battery at a certain C-rate where 1 cycle is calculated from the use of battery power from the initial condition of the full battery until the battery runs out [26].
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge financial support from the Indonesian Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education (Kemenristekdikti) through Fundamental Research (Penelitian Dasar) Scheme with grant number 054/E5/PG.02.00.PT/2022 dan 469.1/UN27.22/PT.01.03/2022.

The cemented carbide specifications are detailed below: - EMT100, with 6 % cobalt content, finegrained (grain size 0.5 to 0.8 µm) - EMT210, with 10 % cobalt content, finegrained (grain size 0.5 to 0.8 µm) The cobalt content of a tungsten carbide substrate has a significant influence on its mechanical properties.
The acquisition of the diffraction spectrum was carried out in the energy dispersive mode, meaning that a large number of interference lines, in dependence of their energy level, can be detected simultaneously under a constant diffraction angle 2θ.
It is planned to expand this tool wear model to a larger number of lightweight materials, such as fibre reinforced plastics, and to also include milling and drilling processes.
During the coating process the cemented carbides are exposed to temperatures of approximately 900 °C for a number of hours.

The extent of damage was initially established visually, based on appearance, colour, surface deformation, typical marks, number of flight holes and other visually recognizable features.
Legend: 1 – wood across the grain, 2 – pigment (crushed glass dyed by cobalt), 3 – a layer of binder over pigments, 4 – limestone particles.
Above the pigment layer there is a visible coarser-grained zone (about 0.03 mm thick), which probably belongs to the layer V3.
The conspicuous white colour (Fig. 11) corresponds to the red pigment and identifies elements with a higher atomic number compared to the surrounding mass.
Legend: 5 – conspicuous white colour is the red pigment with a higher atomic number compared to surrounding materials.

There is also still a lack of insight into the influence of residual stress on fatigue nucleation life (the number of cycles required to initiate fatigue microcracks) and fatigue propagation phase.
Experiment Large number of welded specimens out of diverse steel types with different yield strength were produced and studied.
The transformation mechanisms could be a combination of dislocation slip, dislocation creep, grain boundary slip and diffusion creep [6].
The residual stresses in every 10n (n= 0, 1, 2 …6) numbers of load cycles were measured after releasing the load.
The variations of the von Mises stress at the weld centerline of S1100QL samples as a function of number of cycles are plotted in figure 10.