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Study of particle structure by the Rietveld Method further corroborates the value of the nano-order crystallite diameters as evaluated from the microscopic studies.
In such cases, reaction products most usually have a nanocrystalline structure [7, 8].
The crystalline structures were refined via the Rietveld method using the FullProf code [9].
Results and Discussion The structure evolution of the PbO-Se system in several stages of the mechanical treatment (0-10 h) is shown in Fig. 1.
Rees, in: Chemistry of the Defect Solid State, Wiley, London, NY (1954)

A new kind of electro-active nano-composite actors based on SSMA-reinforced Nafion Jie Ru1, 2, Min Yu1, 3, Qingsong He1, Baolei Wang1, Zhendong Dai1 1Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China 2College of material science and technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China 3Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Interventional Medical Devices, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China Corresponding author: Min Yu Email: yumin@nuaa.edu.cn Telephone: 13851815817 Keywords: IPMC, smart material, electro-active polymer, SSMA Abstract Ionic polymer metal composite actuators (IPMCs), a new kind of smart material, have taken much attention as suitable candidates for the next generation actuators, micro-electromechanical systems, medical devices and micro air vehicles.
In this paper, a new kind of IPMCs was developed by incorporating sulfonated poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (SSMA) into the Nafion structure to overcome some of the major drawbacks of traditional electro-active polymers.
Introduction Smart material is a kind of new functional material that has the ability to percept external stimulus，and to sense and actuate inherently, and can realize structure fictionalization and functional diversities due to several major functions, such as sensory function, feedback function, information identify and cumulative function, response function, self-diagnostic ability, self-recovery ability and self-adaptive ability.
Lee et al. [10] incorporated multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) into Nafion structure to fabricate IPMCs with higher conductivity, and the maximum blocking force of which was 0.236 gf/mm2.
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2010, 94: 7pp

At an annealing temperature of 900°C, this nanomaterial starts to exhibit magnetization as the composite structure crystallizes to the stable Fe2O3 and Al2O3.
The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of crystal structure on the magnetic properties of a Fe2O3-Al2O3 nanocomposite by varying the annealing temperature.
Due to the higher crystallization temperature of Al2O3, the peak can be indexed to κ-alumina and α-alumina structure as the annealing temperature goes higher than 800°C.
From the value of a, b, and c, the structure of all samples is hexagonal.
Zitha, Immiscible Foam for Enhancing Oil Recovery: Bulk and Porous Media Experiments, Industrial and Engineering chemistry Research.51 (2012)2214-2226

From the result, it is confirmed the existence of mixed crystalline structure of both materials in these TiO2: ZnO thin films and PL spectra of the films show seeded TiO2 thin films has lower intensity of visible emission and high ratio of IUV/IVIS compared to the non-seeded TiO2 This contributes to the lower structural defects, oxygen vacancies, impurities and has the most improved optical properties.
Therefore, from the Raman scattering spectra above, it can be concluded that the appearance of all corresponding ZnO and TiO2 peaks confirmed the existence of mixed crystalline structure of both materials in these TiO2: ZnO thin films [18].
The morphological and size differences between the nanorod structure in the film and the nanoparticles in the seed layer, also the variation in sizes of the nanorods might have influenced this red shift in the exciton recombination peak.
Raman analysis confirmed that the appearance of all corresponding ZnO and TiO2 peaks confirmed the existence of mixed crystalline structure of both materials in the TiO2: ZnO thin films.
Liang-Wen Ji, Jun-Sheng Wu, Wei-Shun Shih, Cheng-Zhi Wu, I-Tseng Tang,,, Effect of seed layer on the growth of well-aligned ZnO nanowires, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 70 (2009) 1359-1362 [5] S.

Calcination of kaolinite (Octahedral-Tetrahedral structure or OT structure) during 500-800 °C produces metakaolin via dehydroxylation of hydroxyl group leading to a disruption of kaolinite structure [5].
Some clay minerals although they undergo dehydroxylation, their crystal structures are not all disrupted, for example, illite or muscovite and montmorillonite categorized as Tetrahedral-Octahedral-Tetrahedral clay minerals (TOT structure).
Structure of montmorillonite in Kaol-mont was not disrupted with calcination.
However, inert phases such muscovite and montmorillonite still maintained their TOT structures as shown in Fig. 1 as their octahedral layers were sandwiched between tetrahedral layers leading to more difficulty for structure disruption.
Quartz also remained due to its highly stable structure.

So the wave-structured multilayer shown in Fig. 2(c) can be explained.
These wave-structured multilayer include two types of changes.
And the cracks appear on the upper of wave-structure.
Many wave-structured multilayer are found because of tensile stress
Guan,Microstructures and corrosion mechanism of AISI 304L stainless steel irradiated by high current pulsed electron beam, Protection of Metals & Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, 50(2014) 650-658

The existance of strong interaction between clay and water are also result from high specific surface area of clay as well as the minerals structure (Gillott, 1986).
For quartz, the structure consists of corner-sharing SiO4 tetrahedra.
Sample Disturbance in the Investigation of Clay Structure.
Geopolymer Chemistry & Applications 3rd Edition.
Landslide, Sinkhole, Structure Failure: MYTH or SCIENCE?

They are structured of four layers [1-3].
Mutual solubility of both oxides is of little meaning, but in this system, two triple phases type GAP of perovskite structure and GAM of monoclinic structure can occur.
Detailed tests of chemical composition, phase composition and micro-structure of the Gd2Zr2O7 powder are presented in [29, 30].
Occurrence of minimal amount of the ZrO2 phase of mono-clinic structure was stated.
Belavantsev: Doklady Chemistry Vol. 165 (1965), p.1177

Application of Polyaluminum Chloride-Polyacrylamide as New Water Treatment Material for the Removal of Natural Organic Matter Shuang Zhao†a*, Dan Lib†, Weihua Yangc, Zhangjian Zoud School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221000, China zhaoshuang@jsnu.edu.cna*; hjlidan@jsnu.edu.cnb; yangwh@jsnu.edu.cnc; zou18787@163.comd Keywords: PAC-PAM; Composite flocculants; Natural organic matter; Coagulation mechanism; Coagulation kinetics.
Flocs structure could be simply described by the index of fractal dimension (Df), which could be calculated by the data from Mastersizer [7]. 3.
Fig. 5 also exhibited SEM images of flocs generated by PAC and PAC-PAM, which showed the porous and multibranched structure of flocs when PAM was used.
Mao, Secondary Structures in a Freeze-Dried Lignite Humic Acid Fraction Caused by Hydrogen-Bonding of Acidic Protons with Aromatic Rings, Environ.
Watanabe, Comparison of carbon skeletal structures in black humic acids from different soil origins, Soil Sci.

The chemical structure of the DGEBA of the adhesive is depicted in Fig. 1(a).
For γ-Al2O3 bulk structure, Table 2 gives the crystallographic structure according to the model proposed by Krokidis et al.[15] and Digne et al.[16].
We then performed a structure optimization of the adhesion models.
Gillan, The structure of the stoichiometric and reduced SnO2(110) surface, Surf.
E, Theoretical Chemistry, (2017) Vrije Universiteit: Amsterdam, The Netherlands. https://www.scm.com