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On the Rapid Prototyping Technologies and Applications in Product Design and Manufacturing Pulak M Pandey Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India, Pin:110016 Email: pmpandey@mech.iitd.ac.in Keywords: Solid modeling, Tessellation, Deposition, Prototyping, Stereolithography, Selective Laser Sintering, Fused Deposition Modeling, Laminated Object Manufacturing.
Second phase of prototyping started around mid-1970s, when a soft prototype modeled by 3D curves and surfaces could be stressed in virtual environment, simulated and tested with exact material and other properties.
At this stage choice of part deposition orientation [4-7] is the most important factor as part building time, surface quality, amount of support structures, cost etc. are influenced.
The laser is modulated in such away that only those grains, which are in direct contact with the beam, are affected [10].
Various important factors need to be considered and are steady nozzle and material extrusion rates, addition of support structures for overhanging features and speed of the nozzle head, which affects the slice thickness.

Khattak1,e 1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia a esah@fkm.utm.my, bknia_ismail@yahoo.com, cjasmi@fkm.utm.my, deng_forever88@hotmail.com, eadil@fkm.utm.my Keywords: solution annealed, ageing treatment, superelasticity.
From a practical point of view this alloy is the most attractive one among many shape memory alloys due to their unique properties such as excellent shape memory effect and superelasticity [1-5].
The deformation characteristics are affected by a number of factors, including the alloy composition [6], the heat treatment processes [7], the deforming temperature [8], and the stress–strain cycle [9].
On the other hand, R phase transformation has a significant smaller lattice deformation and is much less affected by the presence of particles.
It is noticed that the presence of austenite is the important factor that superelasticity could occurred.

Since the system under investigation is not covered by European building code [23], following the prescriptions of Italian building code [24] for the seismic design of non-dissipative systems, which suggests a behaviour factor in the range 1.0 through 1.5, a behaviour factor equal to 1.0 was used in the design, in order to have an assumption on the safe side.
Since the UHS steel diagonals are pre-tensioned in the system, it is important to evaluate the viscous properties of material, which is still unknown from this point of view.
Since the assembly between nut and UHS steel bar is not codified and the behaviour of the innovative wall system can be affected by nut failure, a series of eight tests on different configurations was carried-out.
Instead, for all the specimens with two nuts having property Class equal to 10 (D2_10_1, D2_10_2 and D2_10_3) and one nut having property Class equal to 12 (D1_12_1, D_1_12_2 and D1_12_3) the tension failure of bar happened.
Fiorino, Behaviour factor evaluation of CFS shear walls with gypsum board sheathing according to FEMA P695 for Eurocodes, Thin-Walled Structures, Elsevier Science, 141 (2019) 194-207

The results showed that the properties of different ceramic materials cause the difference in wear behaviors.
Introduction Structural ceramics have useful tribological properties, such as low density, high corrosion resistance, low coefficient of friction, low thermal expansion and high hardness over a wide range of temperature.
The friction and wear properties of the ceramics against bearing steel under vacuum environments have not yet carried out in detail.
All these factors resulted in very high temperatures on the rubbing surfaces, especially on the rubbing ceramic surface, which caused the ceramics grains to melt.
The results showed that the properties of the counter material cause the difference in friction and wear characteristics.

Introduction SHM of plate-like structures can be performed using GW-based methods, however many factors, like location of sensors/actuators, sensor electronic system design, sensor shape, frequency range of excitation waves and applied signal processing algorithms affect the performance of the system [1].
Another critical factor is transducers’ distribution over the investigated plate.
The main advantage of the algorithm is its robustness [3], however it requires precise information on material properties and the thickness of the investigated structure which may be unavailable.
The advantage of this approach is that not only damage-reflected waves can be used as damage symptoms but also reflections from the structural elements affected by the damage can be seen in the differential image.
Uhl, “Self-focusing lamb waves based on the decomposition of the time-reversal operator using time–frequency representation,” Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, vol. 27, no. 0, pp. 337 – 349, 2012

The inevitable working medium pollution, wear and tear between components matching surface, seal own aging and other factors in the process of the operation of the hydraulic system will lead to failure of seal ring.
Engineering practice shows that the main influence factors that affect the sealing ability and lead to seal failure include working medium pressure, pre squeeze rate, the sealing groove notch radius and the temperature.
According to the material properties of the O-ring, the paper chooses two parameters in Mooney - Rivlin strain energy function model that is currently widely used in analysis to describe sealing material.
（2） The location where the maximum contact strain on sealing groovegroove change with various factors.
Mechanical management and development, 2008, 01:49 and 50

Aggregation, isomerization and thermo-optic property of azobenzene polyelectrolyte Fengxian Qiu1 , Dongya Yang2 , Qing Zhang 3, and Guorong Cao4 Corresponding to: fengxian Qiu(fxqiuchem@163.com) 1 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China e-mail: fxqiuchem@163.com 2 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China e-mail: yangdongyachem@126.com 3 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China e-mail: zq07528@163.com 4 Department of physics , Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China e-mail: caoguorongphy@163.com Keywords: azo polyelectrolyte; aggregation; isomerization; attenuated total reflection; thermo-optic coefficient.
The solution was kept at 0℃ for 2h with vigorous mechanical agitation.
Photoresponsive behavior of ABAPE solution Thermo-optic coefficient (dn/dT) is the variation of refractive index depended on the temperature and is the main factors to affect the driver power and response speed of the optical switch.

Sulaimanb, B.T.H.T Baharuddin, Tang Sai Hong and S.Sreenivasanc Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia akhairol@eng.upm.edu bsuddin@eng.upm.edu.my and cs_sarma82@yahoo.com Keywords: Bulk Moulding Compounds, Thermoset, Injection Moulding and Autodesk Moldflow Plastics InsightÒ.
There was an average variance of 7% which was thought to be acceptable as the simulation considers the ideal condition, where as there may be external factors such as the machine wear and tear during the actual moulding of the part.
These fibre reinforcements help increase certain properties like tensile strength, heat resistance, arc resistance etc.
Using measured physical and chemical properties of the RIM system; mould-ability can be determined in advance.
The study assumes that the percentage of fibre content does not affect the results.

This procedure allows for an accurate calculation of the stress at the start of the creep dwell, the creep strain, the related elastic follow-up factor and the total strain range during the load cycle [10].
The same material properties are adopted as those in [13, 14], and the temperature dependent yield stress is considered.
In this case the temperature transition does not move along the pipe direction, but across its thickness, affecting also the temperature dependent yield stress.
This stress relaxation allows the stress to redistribute and affects the location of the failure mechanism.
It has also been observed that the increase of dwell time affects the location of the failure mechanism.

One of the factors that affect the quality of bent parts is springback.
The amount of springback depends on many factors including the material properties (Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, strength coefficient, yield stress, strain hardening and anisotropy coefficients), bending operation (tooling geometry, pad force, clearance, initial bend angle and bend radius, contact friction condition etc).
The drawback of the analytical models is that they are formulated with significant simplifications of process conditions and material properties which can considerably affect the accuracy of the results.
Table 1 Mechanical parameters determined by uniaxial tensile tests Denomination Experimental value Young's modulus E=2,1*105 [N/mm2] Poisson's ratio ν = 0,3 Coefficients of Swift's hardening law (see Eq.(2)) K=532 [N/mm2] ε0=0.00778 n=0,258 The finite element mesh used to discretize the raw part had: 26 equidistant nodes and 25 finite elements B21 (Beam elements with two nodes).
Takuda, Finite-element simulation of springback in sheet metal forming using local interpolation for tool surfaces, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 50 (2008) 175–192