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In AlCu, increasing the rolling reduction form 82% to 95% decreased the onset time from several minutes to about one minute at 541°C.
In a more detailed study Beck et al. reported, in an alloy of Al-1.1wt%Mn previously heat treated at 530°C, that increasing the rolling reduction from 20% to 95% gave, after 5 minutes at 625°C, a recrystallized, nearly constant, grain size of between 90 to 100µm, independently of the prior deformation.
After 20 % reduction, only a few abnormal grains were seen after 11 days at 625°C while for strains of 60% and above, many abnormal grains were seen after only 10 hours at 625°C.
In the early studies [7,8] in the material with grain refiner added giving an as-cast 150µm grain size, recrystallization after 40-60% cold reduction gave recrystallized grain sizes of 130 and 90µm respectively on holding at 450°C.
These hypotheses, though they appear to fit at least qualitatively, with the currently available data, clearly need experimental challenge.

Effective methods of temperature reduction for superplastic forming including methods of severe plastic deformation, are based on the grain refinement effect [9–13].
(SEM-EDS data for Al, Mo, V, Fe, Ni and Co and nominal for B and Y content).
The quenched ingots were rolled at 750 ± 10 °C to 1 mm with 90% reduction.
At the same time, the additional alloying with 0.5 wt.% Fe promotes the reduction of the LAGBS fraction to 18% at 775 °C (Figure 4g,h).
Minor element additions contribute to a strong stress reduction at the initial stage of deformation at constant strain rate tests at temperatures of 625, 700, 775 °С with 1 × 10−3 s-1 (Figure 6b-d).

The chemical composition of material Steel symbol Chemical composition, [%] C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo Al Cu P S DPS 0.09 1.90 0.06 0.10 0.09 0.03 0.012 0.15 0.019 0.011 In intercritical heat treatment technology, knowing that the critical points and are very important; their success depends on the accuracy of heat treatment data.
The signal from the dynamometer is picked up by three Wheatstone bridge, one for each force (Fx, Fy, Fz), from which the signal is then collected and placed in the interface that connects to a computer that processes the data.
The data in Table 4 show that increasing the heating temperature to intercritical quenching (for the same cooling conditions) led to increased strength of DPS steel and decreased its deformability.
The data in Table 5 show that the difference between the ultimate strength of welded joint and the ultimate strength of initial material varies between 21.90 % (at 740QO) and 45.10 % (at 820QW).
Taking into account these data it can be seen that dual-phase steel (DPS) have, in terms of cutting forces, one relatively good machinability, which is lower than that for normalized C45 steel.

The conceived system allowed a 80% reduction of time spent in grain transport vane adjustment.
The data is compiled in an initial list of requirements.

An optimum blank quality presents the following several benefits on the drawn part quality: it leads to an improved quality of the parts; it prevents some negative phenomena (like: fracture, a uniform distribution of material thickness in the drawn part and reduction of the blank holder force required during the drawing process).
Roughness average 2.8nm Fig. 4. 3D projection and graphical variation of the surfaces topography From the analysis of the above presented data it can be remarked that the real chemical composition (in Al, Fe, Si or other elements) of the blank material, determined along and perpendicular to sheet rolling direction, is different by comparing to material theoretical composition indicated by the sheet manufacturer.

Thus, it is important to recycle and reuse such material, leading to less energy use and reduction of environmental impacts.
Their results show that there is a significant improvement on the soil strength and reduction of compressibility due to the plastic reinforcement in comparison with - pure soil.
In order to recycle the construction debris, important production steps were taken, such as selection, separation, size reduction and sieving.
At the plant, the RCA goes through selection, separation and size reduction processes and it is given out in three grain sizes.
The correction used the solver application on an EXCEL spreadsheet and all the gradation data from the sieve analysis.

Classe Apparent density (kg/m³) Energetic density (MJ/m³) E 1075.04 16298.65 P 1226.87 19414.84 Denser briquettes were obtained of the Class P residues (Table 3), possibly to the better compaction promoted by this material, which resulted in a reduction of the volume of the briquette to the same mass.
In this case, the following situations can occur as: increase of the internal electrical losses of the installation, decrease of voltage in the installation, reduction of the use of the capacity of the transformers and heated conductors [23, 25].
Table 4: Data for the determination of the direct price of briquette energy.
Considering the measures previously used in this work, the values would be 603.22 and 817.06 R$/ton, which translates into a reduction in the total cost of approximately 31 and 38%, respectively.
While using the previously used technique would have the full cost for Eucalyptus spp. would be 603.22 R$/ton and 817.06 R$/ton for Pinus taeda, which translates into a reduction of around 31 and 38%, respectively.

The satisfaction of needs of Ukraine in fuel and energy resources by means of increase of the part of own mining and decrease of external energy dependence by means of resources import reduction is one of the main purposes of the state energy policy put into action in the National energy program of Ukraine to 2010 [8].
The inadequate exploration work can result in the reduction of oil and gas production in future.
The implementation of energy supply measures, increase of produced gas volumes, use of nontraditional sources of energy, as it is planned in the National energy program [8], will enable reduction of natural gas consumption by economy and cut its import.
As the first-priority measures of energy saving provision the following measures should be considered: · development of State complex program of energy saving; · technical retooling of production; · creation of national non-budgetary fund for energy saving; · strict stocktaking and control of energy consumption of all branches of production; · motivation of energy saving technology implementation; · structural reconstruction of economy by means of reduction of share of energy consuming industries; · use of nontraditional and renewable sources of energy.
Industrial implementation of high-performance fully controlled power converters made it possible to control electric drive data and traditional indicators of power quality (reactive power compensation, minimization of higher harmonics levels, voltage stabilization and balancing) in an independent and separate way for the systems with reactive high-variable and nonlinear load (including high-power thyristor electric drives of rolling mills etc.) [10…12].

(a) W/B=0.35 (b) W/B=0.50 (c) W/B=0.70 Fig. 1 Total pore volume of concrete at various ages It can be found from the figures that the total pore volume of concrete decreases with the reduction of water-to-binder ratio and the growth of age.
The result is primarily due to the reduction of cement content.
When the age reaches 91 days (Fig. 2b), no matter what the pore size is, the corresponding intruded volume of all concretes have a obvious reduction, especially for the volume whose pore diameter is bigger than 0.1μm.
The pozzolanic reaction of fly ash has occurred at this age, but the 20% substitute ratio will cause a strength reduction.
In Fig. 6b, it is seen that the data distribution of gel pore volume versus strength are very scattered.

Liu et.al [11] have been shown that ZnO–graphene composites synthesized by microwave exhibit an enhanced photocatalytic performance in the reduction of Cr(VI) exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation.
Previous literatures [11-13] have been focused on optimizing the weight percentage of graphene in the composite, finding an appropriate post-treatment for reduction of graphene oxide and making heterojunctions between semiconductor-graphene components.
Lack of any peaks relating to GO at lower angles could be attributed to both the inconsiderable concentration of GO in the composites and complete reduction of GO to rGO after hydrothermal synthesis [21].
The preferred growth of ZnO nanoparticles can be estimated from X-ray data by comparing the relative intensity of (0 0 2) peak to the sum of intensities of other peaks of ZnO [22].
Sun, Microwave-assisted synthesis of ZnO–graphene composite for photocatalytic reduction of Cr (VI), Catal.