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Online since: August 2014
Authors: Xiao Tao Zu, Q.P. Ding, Shi Fa Wang, Guang Ai Sun
Scanning electron microscope observation reveals that the content of α-alumina decreases with the increase of number of sample surface particle in the composites.
It could be explained that an appropriate amount of α-Al2O3 loaded in LaMnO3 would decrease the grain size of LaMnO3.
With the decreasing of α-Al2O3 content, the particle number on the composites surface increase.
It could be explained that an appropriate amount of α-Al2O3 loaded in LaMnO3 would decrease the grain size of LaMnO3.
With the decreasing of α-Al2O3 content, the particle number on the composites surface increase.
Online since: March 2015
Authors: Nikolay Sitnikov, Dina Sheyfer, Alexander Shelyakov, Kirill Borodako, Alexey Menushenkov, Vyacheslav Fominski, Victor V. Koledov, Razhudin Rizakhanov
This technique allows it to produce thin materials with SME at a high degree of homogenization of the alloy and smaller-size grain as compared with traditional technologies (casting with subsequent rolling or drawing, sputtering or deposition).
Among them are the substantial decrease in the size of the grain, an essential widening of area of the formation of solid solutions, the appearance of metastable phases, amorphization.
When heating up to the temperature of the reverse martensitic transformation, the initial relief in the crystalline layer is varied and this change is accompanied by the disappearance of the pyramids and manifestation of the grains boundaries.
The bending angle of the sample as a function of the number (a) and the energy density (b) of laser radiation pulses The action of periodic discharge in the liquid flow (PDLF).
The radiation energy density was varied from 1 to 28 mJ/mm2, the number of pulses – from 1 to 500.
Among them are the substantial decrease in the size of the grain, an essential widening of area of the formation of solid solutions, the appearance of metastable phases, amorphization.
When heating up to the temperature of the reverse martensitic transformation, the initial relief in the crystalline layer is varied and this change is accompanied by the disappearance of the pyramids and manifestation of the grains boundaries.
The bending angle of the sample as a function of the number (a) and the energy density (b) of laser radiation pulses The action of periodic discharge in the liquid flow (PDLF).
The radiation energy density was varied from 1 to 28 mJ/mm2, the number of pulses – from 1 to 500.
Online since: May 2007
Authors: Robert F. Tournier
Processing paramagnetic materials by solidification in a magnetic field from a temperature higher
than the bulk melting temperature Tm is building polycrystalline solids having their elementary grains
aligned along an easy-magnetization axis.
The High Temperature Superconducting Oxides When Pellets of YBCO, Bi2223 and Bi2212 are melted and solidified in a magnetic field, polycrystalline materials are obtained with grains oriented along the easy magnetization axis if the applied overheating temperatures do not overpass the full melting temperature by few degrees [15].
∆G1*(θ) given in Eq. 4 is the critical energy barrier corresponding to the critical radius R1ls(θ) above which the crystal growth takes place; NA is the Avogadro number and kB the Boltzmann constant.
J is given by Eq. 5 for a homogeneous liquid [2] and by Eq. 6 when large numbers of residual nuclei per volume unit are present in liquid droplets and a time dependence of crystal growth is observed [3]: lsls R R GTG 1 2 3 v 1 4 3 4)()( σππ + ∆=∆ ; .
The Fermi energy change is related to the volume change when the number of conductions electrons per atom is not changing at the transformation temperature and consequently this saving energy is equal to zero when the free volume is also equal to zero.
The High Temperature Superconducting Oxides When Pellets of YBCO, Bi2223 and Bi2212 are melted and solidified in a magnetic field, polycrystalline materials are obtained with grains oriented along the easy magnetization axis if the applied overheating temperatures do not overpass the full melting temperature by few degrees [15].
∆G1*(θ) given in Eq. 4 is the critical energy barrier corresponding to the critical radius R1ls(θ) above which the crystal growth takes place; NA is the Avogadro number and kB the Boltzmann constant.
J is given by Eq. 5 for a homogeneous liquid [2] and by Eq. 6 when large numbers of residual nuclei per volume unit are present in liquid droplets and a time dependence of crystal growth is observed [3]: lsls R R GTG 1 2 3 v 1 4 3 4)()( σππ + ∆=∆ ; .
The Fermi energy change is related to the volume change when the number of conductions electrons per atom is not changing at the transformation temperature and consequently this saving energy is equal to zero when the free volume is also equal to zero.
Online since: December 2023
Authors: Srikrishna Bhaskar Rao, K. Venkadeshwaran, Y. Naidu Shivaprasad
Henry P et al. [35] shown that the coaxial wire cladding technique is better as compared to off-pivot wire cladding technique, through arrangement of the wire to the laser pillar, freedom of the movement course and a diminished number of controlling boundaries.
3.
By adding powder particles like CeO2 and Y2O3, it enhances the coating properties by refining the grain structures [56].
Peng-Xiang Zhang, Hong Yan, January 2021. 316L stainless steel TiC composite Obtain homogeneity in the carbide distribution and improve mechanical properties by grain refinement and carbide formation.
August 2020. 304 stainless steel Aerosol particles The interaction of water on coating formation, grain morphology and size, microstructure and corrosion performance was investigated Fu Y, Guo N, Zhou C October 2020.
Mingming Ma, Zeming Wang Dec 2016. 304 Stainless steel 316L stainless steel powders with WC particles Microstructure of the cladded zone is checked, columnar dendrites, cluster of cells, equiaxed grain size of the structure is observed.
By adding powder particles like CeO2 and Y2O3, it enhances the coating properties by refining the grain structures [56].
Peng-Xiang Zhang, Hong Yan, January 2021. 316L stainless steel TiC composite Obtain homogeneity in the carbide distribution and improve mechanical properties by grain refinement and carbide formation.
August 2020. 304 stainless steel Aerosol particles The interaction of water on coating formation, grain morphology and size, microstructure and corrosion performance was investigated Fu Y, Guo N, Zhou C October 2020.
Mingming Ma, Zeming Wang Dec 2016. 304 Stainless steel 316L stainless steel powders with WC particles Microstructure of the cladded zone is checked, columnar dendrites, cluster of cells, equiaxed grain size of the structure is observed.
Online since: November 2010
Authors: Yan Chun Tang, Gao Tou Meng
The process of remolding and filling is that at first dried and pulverized (the diameter of grain is less than 0.1 mm), and then homogeneous watered the clay soil until the moisture content has been attained to optimum moisture content, at last filled the clay soil with the optimum moisture content into the model groove by layers.
The process of the compression way is: at first sealed the groove completely, and then put the gas of predetermined pressure from the roof into the groove until the soil consolidation is over. 3) Embedded pore pressure mini-transducers into clay soil The number of pore pressure mini-transducers embedded into clay soil is 6, and all transducers have been embedded by two layers, on each layer there is 3 transducers.
distance number distance number (a) the first transducers layer (b) the second transducers layer Fig 1 distribution style of pore pressure mini-transducers 4) Penetrated the pore pressure probe into the soil by CPTU equipment.
Acknowledgement This paper is supported jointly by National Natural Science Foundation of China (the approval number is 40172090 and 50809035), and the direct fund of Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area (China Three Gorges University), Ministry of Education (the approval number is 2008ZRJ06).
The process of the compression way is: at first sealed the groove completely, and then put the gas of predetermined pressure from the roof into the groove until the soil consolidation is over. 3) Embedded pore pressure mini-transducers into clay soil The number of pore pressure mini-transducers embedded into clay soil is 6, and all transducers have been embedded by two layers, on each layer there is 3 transducers.
distance number distance number (a) the first transducers layer (b) the second transducers layer Fig 1 distribution style of pore pressure mini-transducers 4) Penetrated the pore pressure probe into the soil by CPTU equipment.
Acknowledgement This paper is supported jointly by National Natural Science Foundation of China (the approval number is 40172090 and 50809035), and the direct fund of Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area (China Three Gorges University), Ministry of Education (the approval number is 2008ZRJ06).
Online since: December 2013
Authors: Sumol Sae Heng Pisitsungkakarn
Over the past 40 years, development of the fluidized bed has been made in the characterization of gas fluidized behavior and application on grain drying reported by several researchers.
That is a reason why many researchers have developed a number of mathematical models for predicting the transport phenomena.
The number of particles is 12,000 corresponding to the bed height of 20 cm.
(3) The drag coefficient (CD) of an isolated particle depended on the Reynolds number (Re) , for Re £ 1000 (4) CD = 0.43, for Re > 1000 (5) The Reynolds number is defined as (6) Motion of Solid Particle.
In these conditions, the variance (), can be expressed as and (8) where p and q are the proportions of the two components estimated from the samples. n is the number of particles in a sample.
That is a reason why many researchers have developed a number of mathematical models for predicting the transport phenomena.
The number of particles is 12,000 corresponding to the bed height of 20 cm.
(3) The drag coefficient (CD) of an isolated particle depended on the Reynolds number (Re) , for Re £ 1000 (4) CD = 0.43, for Re > 1000 (5) The Reynolds number is defined as (6) Motion of Solid Particle.
In these conditions, the variance (), can be expressed as and (8) where p and q are the proportions of the two components estimated from the samples. n is the number of particles in a sample.
Online since: January 2012
Authors: Yan E Duan
So it is useful to classify data into a number of categories.
For the agricultural production, there are a number of areas where the use of automatic identification and data capture systems would be beneficial on the farm.
There are a number of technologies available that allow automatic identification and data transmission including barcodes, optical character recognition (OCR), spectral analysis and speech recognition.
At each product handling stage, the tags are programmed with the time and location of the event as well as any other attributes relevant to the grain handling process, e.g., serial number of equipment, the name of people who process this product.
Summary The IOT describes a world where humans are surrounded by machines that communicate with each other and can allow people to interact with the digital world, it is a technological revolution that represents the future of computing and communications, and its development depends on dynamic technical innovation in a number of important fields, from wireless sensors to nanotechnology.
For the agricultural production, there are a number of areas where the use of automatic identification and data capture systems would be beneficial on the farm.
There are a number of technologies available that allow automatic identification and data transmission including barcodes, optical character recognition (OCR), spectral analysis and speech recognition.
At each product handling stage, the tags are programmed with the time and location of the event as well as any other attributes relevant to the grain handling process, e.g., serial number of equipment, the name of people who process this product.
Summary The IOT describes a world where humans are surrounded by machines that communicate with each other and can allow people to interact with the digital world, it is a technological revolution that represents the future of computing and communications, and its development depends on dynamic technical innovation in a number of important fields, from wireless sensors to nanotechnology.
Online since: March 2009
Authors: Ignacy Wierszyłłowski, Waldemar Niemczyk
Grains of hypersaturated solid solution alpha.
DSC and hardness tests indicate that after cryogenic hyperquenching, the third phase of precipitation was stopped (transformation of theta'' into theta'), in which the number of defects in the solid solution is important [18].
The reduction of the number of defects in the solid solution as a result of shrinkage caused by cryogenic hyperquenching (lowering of temperature to -196°C) may inhibit dissolution and precipitation processes dependent on the degree of structure defectiveness.
Consequently, the number of carbides precipitated during tempering increases, because martensite content has increased and because the process has been initiated in low temperatures
The tests performed indicate that it may have an effect, as a result of significant shrinkage in low temperatures, on the number of defects in supersaturated solid solution.
DSC and hardness tests indicate that after cryogenic hyperquenching, the third phase of precipitation was stopped (transformation of theta'' into theta'), in which the number of defects in the solid solution is important [18].
The reduction of the number of defects in the solid solution as a result of shrinkage caused by cryogenic hyperquenching (lowering of temperature to -196°C) may inhibit dissolution and precipitation processes dependent on the degree of structure defectiveness.
Consequently, the number of carbides precipitated during tempering increases, because martensite content has increased and because the process has been initiated in low temperatures
The tests performed indicate that it may have an effect, as a result of significant shrinkage in low temperatures, on the number of defects in supersaturated solid solution.
Online since: June 2014
Authors: Nian Zhang, Shi Jie Song, Lu Zhao, Xiao Guang Zhao
Among them, interbedding structure of "sandy mudstone—fine grained sandstone" is given priority to the upper section; interbedding structure of "powder sandstone—fine sandstone” is given priority to the lower section; the layers of sand—mudstone in the bedrock is generally 4 layers, and its average thickness is more than 10 m.
The sum of layer number of siltstone and fine sandstone is the most part of the total number of the bedrock strata and the average thickness is close.
Considering the integrity and comparability of interbedding structure of experimental model, the value of sandstone layers in the experimental model is taken as 6, 8, 10, 20, 30, 40 layers; the number of mudstone layer is fixed as 4.
Table 2 Geometry sizes of all model type Model type Length(m) Height(m) Width(m) Mining height(m) Rock and soil layer(layer) Unit number (number) A1 1000 265 250 5 16 222500 A2 1000 265 250 5 18 247500 A3 1000 265 250 5 20 272500 A4 1000 265 250 5 26 397500 A5 1000 265 250 5 36 522500 A6 1000 265 250 5 46 647500 B1 1000 265 250 5 16 222500 B2 1000 265 250 5 18 247500 B3 1000 265 250 5 20 272500 B4 1000 265 250 5 26 397500 B5 1000 265 250 5 36 522500 B6 1000 265 250 5 46 647500 C1 1000 265 250 5 16 222500 C2 1000 265 250 5 18 247500 C3 1000 265 250 5 20 272500 C4 1000 265 250 5 26 397500 C5 1000 265 250 5 36 522500 C6 1000 265 250 5 46 647500 The setting of the conditions.
The sum of layer number of siltstone and fine sandstone is the most part of the total number of the bedrock strata and the average thickness is close.
Considering the integrity and comparability of interbedding structure of experimental model, the value of sandstone layers in the experimental model is taken as 6, 8, 10, 20, 30, 40 layers; the number of mudstone layer is fixed as 4.
Table 2 Geometry sizes of all model type Model type Length(m) Height(m) Width(m) Mining height(m) Rock and soil layer(layer) Unit number (number) A1 1000 265 250 5 16 222500 A2 1000 265 250 5 18 247500 A3 1000 265 250 5 20 272500 A4 1000 265 250 5 26 397500 A5 1000 265 250 5 36 522500 A6 1000 265 250 5 46 647500 B1 1000 265 250 5 16 222500 B2 1000 265 250 5 18 247500 B3 1000 265 250 5 20 272500 B4 1000 265 250 5 26 397500 B5 1000 265 250 5 36 522500 B6 1000 265 250 5 46 647500 C1 1000 265 250 5 16 222500 C2 1000 265 250 5 18 247500 C3 1000 265 250 5 20 272500 C4 1000 265 250 5 26 397500 C5 1000 265 250 5 36 522500 C6 1000 265 250 5 46 647500 The setting of the conditions.
Online since: December 2023
Authors: Monrudee Phabsimma, Sansot Panich
Mechanical Properties
TiCN
Young Modulus (GPa)
500±90
Surface roughness
0.10±0.04
Grain size
6.6
Microhardness (Hv)
2980
Tribological test according to metal forming conditions.
W=0t2.1×10-6PVH1.983dt (3) To define the wear criterion, the researchers defined the application parameters as follows: W is the wear volume (mm3), L is the test distance (mm), t is the material thickness, Ccs is the punch stroke or number of parts in the fine blanking process (part), P is the pressure between the workpiece and punch-die (N), and H is the punch-die or tool hardness (HRC).These meaning was manipulated when Archard’s parameters was defined in Finite Element Program, DEFORM3D.
Similarly, this research calculated the wear volume and number of parts for wear permissible as follows: L = Ccs × t (4) So W = (2.1 × 10-6 P × Ccs × t)/H1.983 (5) = (2.1× 10-6 ×3800×530000 ×8) /681.983, = 7.861 µm3 or Ccs = (3.032x H1.983)/ (2.1 × 10-6 P× t) (6) = (3.032x 681.983)/ (2.1 × 10-6 × 3800 × 8), = 204,409 parts Results and Discussion To apply the obtained wear equation (Archard), the FE simulation and experiment of fine-blanking process were directly defined the boundary condition same as condition from tribology tester to illustrate the wear condition in each number of cycles.
The thickness of the coated surface and other conditions were accurately provided both in finite element simulation and experiment; meanwhile, the punch-die was set at the same alignment, and the experiment set cycle times of 80, 160, 240, and 320 min, and/or the number of parts as 200,000, 300,000, 400,000, and 500,000, respectively.
Tool life (Number of parts at wear depth = 8 µm.)
W=0t2.1×10-6PVH1.983dt (3) To define the wear criterion, the researchers defined the application parameters as follows: W is the wear volume (mm3), L is the test distance (mm), t is the material thickness, Ccs is the punch stroke or number of parts in the fine blanking process (part), P is the pressure between the workpiece and punch-die (N), and H is the punch-die or tool hardness (HRC).These meaning was manipulated when Archard’s parameters was defined in Finite Element Program, DEFORM3D.
Similarly, this research calculated the wear volume and number of parts for wear permissible as follows: L = Ccs × t (4) So W = (2.1 × 10-6 P × Ccs × t)/H1.983 (5) = (2.1× 10-6 ×3800×530000 ×8) /681.983, = 7.861 µm3 or Ccs = (3.032x H1.983)/ (2.1 × 10-6 P× t) (6) = (3.032x 681.983)/ (2.1 × 10-6 × 3800 × 8), = 204,409 parts Results and Discussion To apply the obtained wear equation (Archard), the FE simulation and experiment of fine-blanking process were directly defined the boundary condition same as condition from tribology tester to illustrate the wear condition in each number of cycles.
The thickness of the coated surface and other conditions were accurately provided both in finite element simulation and experiment; meanwhile, the punch-die was set at the same alignment, and the experiment set cycle times of 80, 160, 240, and 320 min, and/or the number of parts as 200,000, 300,000, 400,000, and 500,000, respectively.
Tool life (Number of parts at wear depth = 8 µm.)