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Studies [3,4] have demonstrated the importance of this process in low alloy steels for a thickness of about 6 to 12 mm, for the grain refinement in Heat Affected Zone (HAZ), an enhancement of the metallurgical weldability with regard to arc welding processes, and producing no welding fumes particularly containing hexavalent chromium.
DebRoy, Review: friction stir welding tools, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Volume 16, Number 4 pp. 325-342, February 2011 [2] K.J.
Grimmett, R.W Warke, Friction Stir Welding Studies on Mild Steel, Welding Journal, Volume 82, Number 1, pp1s-9s, January 2003 [4] T.
Steel, Friction Stir Process Now Welds Steel Pipe, Welding Journal, Volume 88, Number 5, pp. 44-48, May 2009 [6] C.
Hattel, Numerical optimisation of friction stir welding: review of future challenges, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Volume 16, Number 4, p. 318, 2011 [7] Bureau Veritas NR 216 DT R06 E, Rules on Materials and Welding for the Classification of Marine Units, edited by Bureau Veritas, Feb. 2013 [8] EN 10025-6 standard, Hot rolled products of structural steels - Part 5: Technical delivery conditions for structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance, edited by AFNOR, 2004 [9] ISO 15614-1 standard, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Welding procedure test - Part 1: Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys, edited by AFNOR, 2004

TEM Morphology of (a) 1M-FLGNSs and (b) 2M-FLGNSs The SEM micrograph in figure 6 (a) shows a less porous and planar mosaic layer stacking arrangement of graphite grains for the graphite sheet.
Figure 7 (a) depicts TEM images wherein 1M FLGNSs display peeling of bigger GNSs domain with a large number of layers and low transparency due to the overlapping of many layers.
Figure 7 (b) displays 2M FLGNSs herein the thinness and better transparency in the GNSs is observed due to less number of graphene layers.
Scanning probe microscopy analysis Scanning probe microscopy is a superior tool for a better comprehension of lateral dimensions, number of layers and functionalization.
AFM and STM provide idea about the thickness and number of layers.

Moreover he demonstrated that thick oxide scales crack more quickly than thin ones (the number and the length of the defects being higher in the thick oxide scales).
The cracks density per length units is determined with the number of interceptions between cracks and a virtual circle, such like for classical grain size determination.
Then this number is divided by the circle diameter.
A statistical study of the inter-cracks spaces was then carried out; this study was done using images taken at 500× magnification and for a constant total number of inter-cracks spaces (10).

This material is characterized by higher mechanical properties than the corresponding CP titanium, thanks to the grain reduction.
Pulse frequency and process time, which is proportional to the number of laser pulses, were the investigated process parameters.
The measured drilling time decreases from 7 ms to 2 ms with the increase of pulse frequency, because of the increase of the number of laser pulses in the unit of time.
This fact can be observed as an increase of the number of the laser pulses which are requested to perform a stable through hole.
At the beginning of laser ablation, a great crater can be produced while it can be reduced in diameter when the number of laser pulses is increased and the depth of the hole is becoming relevant versus the total thickness to be drilled [9].

The aim is to adapt to industry and economic structure of the digital age, and to meet the requirements of a large number of information processing in building life cycle to the construction, and to improve building quality, operation efficiency, green, environmental protection.
In space and time or properties, some data is generalizing in high-level and large size in preciseness and roughness, and some are low-level detailed and fine-grained.
From the perspective of the life cycle, there is a large number of material, energy and information flow in construction projects from the beginning of planning to the project design, construction, operation, management and even the dismantling process.
To establish building domain ontology need a number of experts with cross-disciplinary knowledge in different building processes to be able to reach a consensusin on the building domain knowledge, there are differences in consensus on the different building areas knowledge of experts, so standards need to be followed, for example, we all follow the IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) and the "compatibility mode" approach, that is, first part solution then overall solution, to solve the problem.
It should be noted that virtual architecture system developed in the future, though easy to be used, does not mean that people who don’t understand architectural design and analysis at all can completely replace the architects; but, virtual architecture system implementation still needs to overcome many technical and non-technical difficulties in the current and future, which depends on the social division of labor system and having a social framework and a number of related standardization system as a prerequisite[10], but virtual architecture system can be locally and phased implemented today.

The “self-learning” arithmetic used in Burst-Analyzer analysis bursts mainly by five steps: A. read the signals from spike processing unit into computer memory; B. calculate the maximum signal amplitude (Vmax), and count the number of signals the amplitude of which is between [0.9*Vmax, Vmax] (Num1) and [0.7*Vmax, 0.9*Vmax] (Num2); C.
The analysis result mainly includes spike moment; interval of adjacent spike; number of burst and the spikes in them, as is shown in table 2.
Table 2 The analysis result of dominant wave and secondary wave dominant wave Spike Moment [ms] Interval of Adjacent Spikes[ms] The number of spikes Secondary wave Spike Moment [ms] Interval of Adjacent Spike [ms] The number of spikes 1 1708 18 4 1 267 234.4 4 2 1726 38.2 3 2 501.4 10 3 3 1764.2 22.2 3 3 511.4 297.6 3 Summary This automatic system is used to extract and analyze the bursts in electrophysiology experiments [19].
Beckmann: Hardware and Software for Functionaland Fine Grain Parallelism (Ph.D., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, America 1993)

Ding Wuxiu and Feng Xiating [6] tested the rocks corrosive in different chemical solutions, and the results showed that the tie between mineral grains was disturbed and granules were corroded under the effect of chemical solutions, so that the strength of rock was significantly reduced and the structure of rock was damaged.
There were 36 samples in total, which were numbered with C1~C9, D1~D9, E1~E9, and F1~F9 (i.e. acid, alkali, salt, and water environment groups), as shown in table 1.
In figure 4, the contrastive photos of sample D7 before and after freezing and thawing were shown, finding the sample’s surface corrosion degree was serious after freezing and thawing and a large number of particles fall off.
After freezing and thawing cycles, the quality variation and the appearance of the samples in the testing process were observed, and then the freezing-thawing damage degradation modes of red sandstone in NaOH, NaCl, and H2SO4: particles-pore damage mode and its damage degradation process was the existence of rock’s micro-pore →the emergence and desquamation of the free particles on the surface →the softening of the surface →the emergence of new micro-pore →the constant expansion of micro-pore →further softening: one-step softening and loosing →a large number of particles fall off →moisture migrated to the inside →pore extension and connection →constantly deepened freezing-thawing damage.
Table 2: Average NMR porosity of sandstone after freezing-thawing cycle Solution Porosity/% Increase percentage/% 0 times of freezing- thawing 10 times of freezing- thawing cycle 20 times of freezing- thawing cycle 30 times of freezing- thawing cycle 10 times of freezing- thawing cycle 20 times of freezing- thawing cycle 30 times of freezing- thawing cycle H2SO4 3.815 4.322 4.851 5.318 13.298 27.147 39.388 NaOH 3.492 4.834 6.472 6.476 38.440 85.328 85.443 NaCl 3.304 4.535 6.362 8.294 37.282 92.584 151.054 Water 3.343 3.786 3.836 3.944 13.250 14.736 17.976 Along with the progress of freezing-thawing cycle, rock porosity increased, suggesting the porosity change of rock was greatly affected by the freezing-thawing cycles; along with the increasing number of freezing-thawing cycles, the production and expansion of new pores in rock were accelerated, and also the porosity change was obvious.

One of those is the feed rate of the plasma jet relatively to the substrate, the second parameter is the distance between the nozzle and the surface of the substrate and third parameter is the variation of the number of layers.
Beside those variable parameters, nitrogen was used as shielding gas, with a flow rate of 45 l/min, a spherical shaped copper powder with a grain size of 0.1 – 20 μm and a flow pressure of 1.2 bar.
Figure 4: Required mean power within a certain parameter set (relative distance: 15 mm, feed rate: 100 mm/sec) varying only the number of layers, to reach a ΔT of 40 K, with GFRP as substrate material.
The results show that it is preferable to use a low number of layers in order to keep the running expenses of the heating system low.
Parameter setting Feed rate in mm/sec Relative distance in mm Number of layers Use of heat table Electrical resistance in Ω Input power in W CFRP 10.00 15.0 4 no 0.8 2 CFRP 100.0 15.0 3 yes 0.9 2.2 GFRP 100.0 15.0 3 no 0.9 1.6 GFRP 100.0 15.0 3 yes 0.9 1.8 Evaluation of additively manufactured heating structure in a real environment.

The detrimental effect of iron on ductility is due to two main reasons [3]: (1) the size and number density of iron-containing intermetallic (particularly b-phase - Al5FeSi) increases with iron content, and therefore since these participate directly in the fracture mechanism, the more intermetallic there are, the lower the ductility; (2) as iron level increases, porosity increases, and this defect also has an impact on ductility.
The formation of these phases should correspond to successive reactions during solidification with an increasing number of phases involved at decreasing temperature.
Molten metal was purified with salt AlCu4B6 before casting and was not modified or grain refined.
The intensity of the BSE signal is strongly related to the atomic number of the specimen and BSE images can provide information about the distribution of intermetallic phases in Al-Si cast alloy. 20 mm 50 mm 50 mm a) etch.
HCl, BSE Fig. 3 Morphology of Fe-phase - Al15(FeMn)3Si2, SEM Mn Fe Cu Al Si 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 10 8 cps/eV keV 10 Cu Fe Mn a) X-ray point analysis on metallographic cut Al Si Fe Cu 20 80 100 40 Point number 60 20 40 80 60 0 100 20 b) X-ray line analysis on metallographic cut Fig. 4 EDX-analysis of Al15(FeMn)3Si2 phase It was seen that Al15(FeMn)3Si2 phases do not extend to great depth in comparison with needles intermetallic phases.

It can be seen that the power increased continuously with increasing number of passes.
This was apparently due to the wear of CBN grains.
The net power for the first and last passes versus the accumulative number of slots ground in the disk is presented in Fig. 5(b).
Grinding power increased progressively due to wheel wear with increasing number of slots ground.
Preset target material removal rate and wheel life in terms of number of slots were obtained.