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However, the performance of TiN coating in reducing the flank wear is not always consistent showing little or no improvement in a number of teeth.
Furthermore, reduction in friction on 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Flute number Flank wear (mm) TiN coated Uncoated W/P: M42 HSS + D6A steel Feed/tooth: 0.12 mm Speed: 65 rpm Flood cooling No. of milling passes: 600 Flank wear PM HSS milling Cutter Dia.: 160 mm Length: 152 mm 16 flutes 23 teeth/flute TiN coated tooth Uncoated tooth the face/sides of the saws reduce forces, torque etc..
For example, Powder Metallurgy (PM) HSS broach tools show improvement in quality of cutting edges and tool life over conventional HSS due to uniformly distributed fine grain carbides leading to improved toughness and strength without compromising the hardness [13].
All of these factors contribute to the growth of fine-grained and dense coating microstructure on the tool, increased coating adhesion and thickness uniformity, which lead to enhancement in machining performance.

This mechanism, referred to as dynamic strain aging (DSA), is responsible for a number of phenomena generally described by the term PLC effects (Portevin-LeChatelier): discontinuous yielding, serrations on the stress strain curves caused by localized plastic flow, negative strain rate sensitivity (SRS), sudden strain bursts or complete creep arrest under constant load conditions.
Straining a material in the PLC domain results in the activation and mutual interaction of a large number of thermally activated processes: dislocation multiplication, dislocation glide, cross slip, diffusion of interstitial or substitutional atoms to dislocations and recovery by dislocation annihilation.
And under higher stresses n ]2δδδδB[ layers of twins will be generated in favorably oriented grains.
At low temperature and low strain rates, surface diffusional processes such as grain boundary sliding provide an important contribution to the viscoplastic flow.

It is well recognised that shot peening results depend on both the target material and a number of peening parameters.
For the same instrumental setup, changes in diffraction peak width can then be associated with changes in grain/domain size and microstrains in the probed volume.
Except for a thin surface layer where ferrite grain refinement was observed, the detected peak broadening in those shot peened samples studied here can be attributed mainly to plastic deformation.
Peening coverage is a parameter related to the number of shots that impinge upon the surface during the duration of shot peening.

These novel characteristics of CdSe nanoparticles have been expected to find its wide use in a large number of applications which cover a broad spectrum from optoelectronic like light-emitting diodes [4-6], thin film transistor [7], laser [8], solar cell [9] to biomedical technology.
After synthesis, particles precipitated at the bottom of the beaker were collected, filtered, washed, a number of times with distilled water and dried in a vacuum oven and kept in desicator.
Various parameters such as lattice parameter, grain size, and strain have been calculated from XRD data and are presented in Table 2.
The small increase of the band gap in comparison with bulk material could be related with small grain size, stress due to deformation and the resulting quantum confinement of electronic states.

Materials and Methods This research has received approval from the Animal Care and Use Committee from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Number.637-KE.
Further analysis from the m-CT image of the bovine teeth scaffold reveals particles' formation (grain-like structure) which is interwoven by a fibrous-like structure.
Individual particle analysis of the grain-like structure shows a particle size distribution in the range of 5-360 mm (Figure 1.d.) with a mean particle size of 151 µm.
The result of MSCs seeding into the bovine teeth scaffold for 24 hours, marked with a red circle (Mag.5000×) SEM results showed that the number of cells attached to the bovine teeth' scaffold surface increased after 24 hours of seeding compared to 1 hour and 12 hours (unpublished data).

The J2z1-1 section, where the most important seam position exists, mainly contains grain sandstone with the color of light gray and the thickness of 30~60m.
The J2z1-2 section, where has small seam position, contains the fine-grained sandstones with the color of light green and the thickness of 10~30m.
The vent window of the natural gas was Gulong area in Wulangeer, where a large number of Cretaceous oil seepage was found [12], at the northeast of the Basin.
Fig.5 The generationc model of bleaching phenomenon of “Calcified wood” alike carbonatization and other altered phenomenon Fig.4 The picture compared the carbon isotopic type curve contrast diagram of oil seepage and hydrocarbon source rocks of the cretaceous in Inner Mongolia BaZeMaDai and Calcified sandstone in Zhiluo group 1-Oil sand of the Early cretaceous in Inner Mongolia BaZeMaDai; 2-condensate oil of TuDong1 well; 3-coal of the Carboniferous; 4-mudstone of the Permian; 5-mudstone of the Ordovician; 6-mudstone of Yanchang formation Chang-7; 7-Calcified sandstone or “Calcified wood” in Zhiluo group of Dongsheng uranium deposit ACKNOWLEDGMENT Financial supports from the Most Special Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics (Northwest University), Science Foundation in China (Grant No.41173060), special major science technology Program number 13115 in Shaanxi Province (Grant No.2008ZDKG-48), Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in

The distance between charge point and surface was shortened by the nanoscale particles,so the electronic number that was transferred by the charge.The catalyst that was researched by the ultraviolet radiation response was more,but ultraviolet radiation was small in the sunlight.
Transition metal ions and tombarthite elements were doped in the surface of TiO2 Catalyst,which could make TiO2 lattice engender defect,Change crystallinity and alter the particles structure and surface properties, accordingly, the light response range was extended,and the effective separation light electronic-the cavity was promoted,lastly, the catalyst photocatalytic activity was improved[3-7].The results of Srinivasan[8] shew that Sol–gel synthesis and sulfation process has been carried out to prepare Fe3+/Zn2+ co-doped and SO42− impregnated TiO2 photocatalysts, Structural (XRD) characteristics of SO42− impregnated TiO2 reveals the presence of anatase nanoparticles with average grain sizes of 9.8 and 14.8 nm.
From the coordination number of 4.3 and a Pt−Cl distance of 2.28 Å, as calculated from extended X-ray absorption fine structure results, we conclude that the platinum salt is present as PtCl4.
Compound Semiconductor was the effective means to improve the efficiency of the photocatalytic.It is essence that a kind of grain was decorated by another kind of particle actually.The separation efficiency of the system charge can be improved through the semiconductor compound, such as TiO2-CdS,TiO2-SnO2,TiO2-WO3,TiO2-SiO2,V2O5-TiO2, and TiO2 spectral response range was expanded, which was helpful for the sun effective acquisition[29-31].The results of Zhang Changyuan[32] shew that the TiO2/γ-MnO2 composite materials were prepared by one-step hydrothermal process using TiCl3 and KMnO4.The UV-Vis absorption spectra of composite materials illuminated a wide absorbency ranging from UV light to visible light; and band-gap was estimated to 3.03 eV.

A growing number of research works has been concentrating its efforts on understanding the decomposition mechanisms of phenol and its derivatives.
Particles in suspension forming colloidal solutions are largely of special interest once they unfold an enormous specific area, which provides conditions that increase the number of reaction sites for photodegradation [3].
The increase in photoactivity is attributed to the Ag° deposited on the particles surface associated to the formation of grain contour, which contain the said Ag° during the thermal treatment.
The silver observed in the grain contours tends to increase the conductivity between the particles TiO2 and SnO2, and acts as electron accumulator [15], while the Ag° acts on the particles surface according to the equations 1 and 2.

The polarization in the randomly oriented grains of an as-processed ferroelectric ceramic can be oriented in the direction of an external electric field, in the so-called "poling" process (Fig.1), giving as a result an induced anisotropy of the properties and a piezoelectric effect [1].
Left: Schematic view of grains of a ferroelectric ceramic showing the polarization direction before (up) and after (down) the poling process.
In the first publications on the method, the complex characterization of a number of commercial piezoceramics (Ferroperm Piezoceramics A/S), with high (PZ27, lead circonate titanate) and low (PZ34, modified lead titanate, and PZ45, bismuth niobate) coupling coefficients and with high (PZ27) and low (PZ35, lead metaniobate) mechanical quality factors, was accomplished.
Although still fully valid, some of the calculation details given in the first works have benefited from the long experience of application of the method to a wide number of ceramic materials [24-27] and has been refined to be easier to use in the research and industrial characterization and quality control laboratories.

In recent years, with the deep-going prospecting and research work, there have been found a great number of Pb-Zn anomaly zones in western Hubei Province, southeastern Chongqing, western Hunan Province, etc. on the carbonate platform in the south of the Yangtze block, and the quantity of Pb-Zn resources in some ore fields may come up to 220x105 tons[1].
Galena minerals are relatively coarse in grain size, galena crystals are about 0.5～3 mm in grain diameter, the crystals are euhedral and subhedral, usually occur in veined, stripped or massive, and granular forms and coexist with dolomite and calcite.
The strata in the Shidi mining area contain a large number of gypsum salt layers, which thus can provide potential sources of reducible sulfur which is needed by Pb-Zn minerallogenesis. 4.2 Lead source The contents of U and Th in sulfide minerals are relatively low, so they can be ignored as compared with the contents of Pb in minerals.