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Online since: January 2015
Authors: Zhi Qiang Yu, Fei Peng Ren
Where the vast majority of farmers using local resources, self- made product .Organic fertilizers in agriculture nutrient recycling and reuse of parts, so , with the increasing amount of chemical fertilizer and crop harvest increased , the number of organic fertilizers also increased.
Second, the compost heap categories, including compost, compost , straw and biogas fertilizer , compost made from various raw materials contain nitrogen , phosphorus, potassium and trace elements crop needs , help fertilize the soil[3] ; accounting for about 50 percent of crop straw biomass , is a kind of number is extremely rich, can direct use of organic fertilizer resources.
Xu spring[21] The results show that long-term application of organic manure to change the composition of different size fractions of soil organic matter due to cementation make < 2μm grain size to reduce the content of soil particles , and the content of 2 ~ 10μm size fraction was significantly increased , which promote the formation of soil aggregate structure , improve soil physical and chemical properties of positive significance.
A large number of soil enzyme activity studies show that organic fertilizers contain many enzymes , the activity of livestock manure than in soil enzyme activities of tens to hundreds of times ; organic fertilizer can increase the number and variety of soil microbial activity .
Second, the compost heap categories, including compost, compost , straw and biogas fertilizer , compost made from various raw materials contain nitrogen , phosphorus, potassium and trace elements crop needs , help fertilize the soil[3] ; accounting for about 50 percent of crop straw biomass , is a kind of number is extremely rich, can direct use of organic fertilizer resources.
Xu spring[21] The results show that long-term application of organic manure to change the composition of different size fractions of soil organic matter due to cementation make < 2μm grain size to reduce the content of soil particles , and the content of 2 ~ 10μm size fraction was significantly increased , which promote the formation of soil aggregate structure , improve soil physical and chemical properties of positive significance.
A large number of soil enzyme activity studies show that organic fertilizers contain many enzymes , the activity of livestock manure than in soil enzyme activities of tens to hundreds of times ; organic fertilizer can increase the number and variety of soil microbial activity .
Online since: June 2010
Authors: Jian Xin Deng, Feng Fang Wu, Pei Yan
It has been demonstrated that the MPs have some undesirable effects
such as the local loss of coating adhesion [14, 15], surface roughening [4, 15, 16], grain coarsening
[16], large voided regions [16], surface craters resulting from the detachment of the MPs [3].
The number and size of MPs decreased with the bias.
As can be seen in Fig. 3, the number and sizes of the craters increased with the increase of bias.
At the initial period of the erosion, the number and size of the damage islands varied significantly with the substrate bias at which the coating was deposited (see Fig. 6).
The number and size of the damage islands increased with the increase of the substrate bias voltages above 150V.
The number and size of MPs decreased with the bias.
As can be seen in Fig. 3, the number and sizes of the craters increased with the increase of bias.
At the initial period of the erosion, the number and size of the damage islands varied significantly with the substrate bias at which the coating was deposited (see Fig. 6).
The number and size of the damage islands increased with the increase of the substrate bias voltages above 150V.
Online since: February 2007
Authors: M. Matsuzawa, S. Horibe, J. Sakai
For the measurement of tensile fracture strength, the fine-
grained Y-TZP was examined in addition to above-mentioned
three kinds of materials.
Clearly, the anelastic strain is greatly enhanced in the reduced Ce-TZP, incorporating a large number of oxygen vacancies.
Considering the valence and the amount of each additive dopant, the fully reduced Ce-TZP has larger number of oxygen vacancies than that of 3Y-TZP.
Mg-PSZ also does not relate the effectiveness of anelasticity to the number of oxygen vacancies.
It is noted that the extent of anelasticity cannot be determined only by the number of oxygen vacancies in the matrix.
Clearly, the anelastic strain is greatly enhanced in the reduced Ce-TZP, incorporating a large number of oxygen vacancies.
Considering the valence and the amount of each additive dopant, the fully reduced Ce-TZP has larger number of oxygen vacancies than that of 3Y-TZP.
Mg-PSZ also does not relate the effectiveness of anelasticity to the number of oxygen vacancies.
It is noted that the extent of anelasticity cannot be determined only by the number of oxygen vacancies in the matrix.
Online since: July 2006
Authors: Y. Langsrud, Aferdita Vevecka-Priftaj, J. Fjerdingen, Vidar Hansen, J. Gjønnes
Vickers macrohardness were measured for a number of stages of the different alloys, using
the equipment Wolvert, Dia Testor 2Rc.
During aging the depth of this zone increased in samples with high silicon content, and high solution temperature where several recrystallized grains was seen.
The long dimension was measured on negatives from a number of specimens; mean values are shown in Fig. 4b as function of aging time.
High iron and silicon content will increase the number of primary particles in the alloy.
By solution treatment at a low temperature Mg2Si-particles are retained, which will reduce the amount of magnesium in solid solution, suppress the formation of GP(I)-zones and reduce the number of η'-precipitates.
During aging the depth of this zone increased in samples with high silicon content, and high solution temperature where several recrystallized grains was seen.
The long dimension was measured on negatives from a number of specimens; mean values are shown in Fig. 4b as function of aging time.
High iron and silicon content will increase the number of primary particles in the alloy.
By solution treatment at a low temperature Mg2Si-particles are retained, which will reduce the amount of magnesium in solid solution, suppress the formation of GP(I)-zones and reduce the number of η'-precipitates.
Online since: December 2019
Authors: Michail V. Absimetov, Mikhail Yurievich Elistratkin, Marina S. Ageeva
Structures manufacture of complex effective hollow sections, on the one hand, allows us to focus on conventional materials (heavy ordinary and fine-grained concretes), on the other hand, it increases their manufacture complexity many times over.
There are a number of works devoted to non-autoclaved gas concretes on the basis of composite binders of various types, makeups and production methods, which generally confirm the effectiveness, and availability of this direction.
The stone hardening dynamics based on composite binders with mineral additives of various genetic types: a) CCB; b) CCW; c) QSCW; d) GS The porous system contains a sufficiently large number of aluminates, both contained in portland cement and introduced by the gassing reaction.
The binder has the highest viscosity with the addition of crushed ceramic bricks (refer with Fig. 1) that is probably related to the developed microporosity of the additive particles that is mentioned in a number of papers.
As it was established in a number of works [11, 12] additives CC and CCW have among those examined the highest grindability and activity on Ca (OH)2 absorption (refer with table 2) that explains their good strength properties.
There are a number of works devoted to non-autoclaved gas concretes on the basis of composite binders of various types, makeups and production methods, which generally confirm the effectiveness, and availability of this direction.
The stone hardening dynamics based on composite binders with mineral additives of various genetic types: a) CCB; b) CCW; c) QSCW; d) GS The porous system contains a sufficiently large number of aluminates, both contained in portland cement and introduced by the gassing reaction.
The binder has the highest viscosity with the addition of crushed ceramic bricks (refer with Fig. 1) that is probably related to the developed microporosity of the additive particles that is mentioned in a number of papers.
As it was established in a number of works [11, 12] additives CC and CCW have among those examined the highest grindability and activity on Ca (OH)2 absorption (refer with table 2) that explains their good strength properties.
Online since: January 2022
Authors: Rashid Faesal, Waleed Bdaiwi
All of that is because of its unique properties which makes it the number one choice over all other materials.
We notice with the increase of the quantity of (WPMS) particles as well as its increasing volumetric percentages, the tensile strength values decrease gradually till it fails collapses, and that is due to the small interface area between the adhesive material (UPS) and the number of particles obtained from the increase of volumetric ratios of the particulate matter.
That is especially true if the amount of particles is large, making it difficult to penetrate into the cavity of the adhesive material, and a number of internal defects may arise that cause the collapse of the overlaying material with the least load applied [21].
This is due to the weak bonding in the composite material when increasing the number of particles, and the cracks that are formed around (WPMS) particles may merge with each other while applying load to it.
Sallal , K. k. kahlol, “ Effect the grain size on the polymer matrix composites reinforced by Reenia particles” Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2,(2013), P.P. 94 -102
We notice with the increase of the quantity of (WPMS) particles as well as its increasing volumetric percentages, the tensile strength values decrease gradually till it fails collapses, and that is due to the small interface area between the adhesive material (UPS) and the number of particles obtained from the increase of volumetric ratios of the particulate matter.
That is especially true if the amount of particles is large, making it difficult to penetrate into the cavity of the adhesive material, and a number of internal defects may arise that cause the collapse of the overlaying material with the least load applied [21].
This is due to the weak bonding in the composite material when increasing the number of particles, and the cracks that are formed around (WPMS) particles may merge with each other while applying load to it.
Sallal , K. k. kahlol, “ Effect the grain size on the polymer matrix composites reinforced by Reenia particles” Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2,(2013), P.P. 94 -102
Online since: August 2010
Authors: Shi Gang Wang, Bai Rui Tao, Hong Xia Zhang, Xi Bing Li
); cl -condenser
length of micro heat pipe (m); al -adiabatic section length of micro heat pipe (m); l -total length of
micro heat pipe (m); fgh -latent heat of evaporation of working fluid (J/kg); vρ -vapor density of
working fluid (kg/m3); lρ-liquid density of working fluid (kg/m3); ρ-liquid density at the melting
point of working fluid (kg/m3); vp -vapor saturation pressure of working fluid (Pa); vµ -vapor
viscosity of working fluid (N·s/m2); lµ-liquid viscosity of working fluid (N·s/m2); σ-liquid surface
tension of working fluid (N/m); vγ -specific heat ratio of vapor ( for one-atom vapor it is 5/3,for
double-atom vapor it is 7/5,and for multiple-atom vapor it is 4/3); R0-universal gas constant
(J/kmol·K); Tv:operating temperature of micro heat pipe (K); M-relative molecular mass of working
fluid (g/mol); br -critical radius of bubble generation (m); W-top-width of trapezium groove (m);
Wb-bottom-width of trapezium groove (m); δ-depth of trapezium groove (m); n-number
Experimental results show that after being processed grains become thinner and elongate like fibers; surface fibers have not been cut off but merely been extruded; Streamline distribution is reasonable; performance of fluidity has been strengthened; the structure is compact; its ultimate tensile strength and yield limit are increased; antifatigue strength, wear resistance and corrosion resistances are remarkably increased.
Tool: its material is GCr15 tool steel, which has been disposed by corresponding heat treatment to ensure that its hardness value ranges from HRC 58 to HRC 62; tool's outer diameter is 5.5 mm; tooth number is 60; tooth height is 0.2 mm; addendum width is 0.15 mm; dedendum width is 0.20 mm; alveolus are uniformly distributed along circumferential direction; radius of the arc formed by tool-workpiece contact is 0.5 mm.
Workpiece: its material is copper; for a rough pipe, its outer diameter is 7.0 mm, and wall thickness ranges from 0.40 mm to 0.45 mm; after being machined, its outer diameter is 6.0 mm, inner diameter is 5.1 mm, groove number is 60, groove depth is 0.20 mm, groove-bottom-width is 0.15 mm, groove-top-width is 0.20 mm, the grooves are uniformly distributed along circumferential direction.
Continuous flow guideline Knudsen number is 5×10 -5, far less than 0.01, therefore continuous flow limit is also satisfied.
Experimental results show that after being processed grains become thinner and elongate like fibers; surface fibers have not been cut off but merely been extruded; Streamline distribution is reasonable; performance of fluidity has been strengthened; the structure is compact; its ultimate tensile strength and yield limit are increased; antifatigue strength, wear resistance and corrosion resistances are remarkably increased.
Tool: its material is GCr15 tool steel, which has been disposed by corresponding heat treatment to ensure that its hardness value ranges from HRC 58 to HRC 62; tool's outer diameter is 5.5 mm; tooth number is 60; tooth height is 0.2 mm; addendum width is 0.15 mm; dedendum width is 0.20 mm; alveolus are uniformly distributed along circumferential direction; radius of the arc formed by tool-workpiece contact is 0.5 mm.
Workpiece: its material is copper; for a rough pipe, its outer diameter is 7.0 mm, and wall thickness ranges from 0.40 mm to 0.45 mm; after being machined, its outer diameter is 6.0 mm, inner diameter is 5.1 mm, groove number is 60, groove depth is 0.20 mm, groove-bottom-width is 0.15 mm, groove-top-width is 0.20 mm, the grooves are uniformly distributed along circumferential direction.
Continuous flow guideline Knudsen number is 5×10 -5, far less than 0.01, therefore continuous flow limit is also satisfied.
Online since: October 2015
Authors: Tatiana S. Petrovskaya, Vladimir I. Vereschagin
However, the coating process is associated with the number of constraints affecting the quality and reliability of implants.
HA has been obtained from biological raw materials according to the scheme: bone material → sanitary treatment → firing at 1000 °C → grinding to grain size of 5 mm → removal of free CaO → grinding and obtaining of fractions of 70 μm (Ssp = 2.48 m2/kg).
Biocompatibility has been evaluated by means of the test for surviving cell number (cytotoxicity) in vitro and in vivo at implantation.
Evaluation of effectiveness of the coating method Group Criteria of evaluation, number of points Coating method Electro-chemical Plasma Ceramic Combined II Providing functional properties (FP), max 10 points: -biocompatibility, 0–2 -bioactivity (osteoconduction), 0–2 -bioactivity (osteoinduction), 0–2 -maintenance of FP in service conditions, 0–2 - adhesion strength, 0–2 6 1 1 0 2 2 8 2 2 1 2 1 9 2 2 2 2 1 10 2 2 2 2 2 II Capability to control FP, max. 10 points: -within certain limits, 5 -within wide limits, 10 5 5 – 5 5 – 8 – 8 10 – 10 IIII Manufacturability, max. 10 points: -simplicity and number of operations, 0–2 -no special requirements to primary materials, 0–2 -ability to apply goods of various form, 0–3 -reliability and reproducibility of results, 0–3 10 2 2 3 3 6 2 1 1 2 8 1 2 3 2 9 1 2 3 3 IIV Resource intensity, max. 10 points: -use of non-expensive equipment, 0–3 -absence of special
HA has been obtained from biological raw materials according to the scheme: bone material → sanitary treatment → firing at 1000 °C → grinding to grain size of 5 mm → removal of free CaO → grinding and obtaining of fractions of 70 μm (Ssp = 2.48 m2/kg).
Biocompatibility has been evaluated by means of the test for surviving cell number (cytotoxicity) in vitro and in vivo at implantation.
Evaluation of effectiveness of the coating method Group Criteria of evaluation, number of points Coating method Electro-chemical Plasma Ceramic Combined II Providing functional properties (FP), max 10 points: -biocompatibility, 0–2 -bioactivity (osteoconduction), 0–2 -bioactivity (osteoinduction), 0–2 -maintenance of FP in service conditions, 0–2 - adhesion strength, 0–2 6 1 1 0 2 2 8 2 2 1 2 1 9 2 2 2 2 1 10 2 2 2 2 2 II Capability to control FP, max. 10 points: -within certain limits, 5 -within wide limits, 10 5 5 – 5 5 – 8 – 8 10 – 10 IIII Manufacturability, max. 10 points: -simplicity and number of operations, 0–2 -no special requirements to primary materials, 0–2 -ability to apply goods of various form, 0–3 -reliability and reproducibility of results, 0–3 10 2 2 3 3 6 2 1 1 2 8 1 2 3 2 9 1 2 3 3 IIV Resource intensity, max. 10 points: -use of non-expensive equipment, 0–3 -absence of special
Online since: July 2015
Authors: Tao Zheng, Xin Xu, Zheng Yu Li, Yong Zhang, Shan Jiang, Jing Wen Lv
With a considerable number of alkali metal oxide adjusting the density and thermal expansion coefficient difference between glass and crystallinesubstance, the micro-relief structure of characteristics of geometrical optics is produced.
The angular width of diffraction peaks is wider than angular resolution of the experimental setup, and the bigger diffraction peak half width, the smaller crystalline grain.
No measurements of the specific absorption of iron were made for the glass but the number above can be used for rough estimations, which gives the total concentration of ferric ions of about 3 ppm.
When the exposure dose is lower than this value, insufficient number of photoelectron produce, and insufficient number of elemental silver crystal nucleus form.
The angular width of diffraction peaks is wider than angular resolution of the experimental setup, and the bigger diffraction peak half width, the smaller crystalline grain.
No measurements of the specific absorption of iron were made for the glass but the number above can be used for rough estimations, which gives the total concentration of ferric ions of about 3 ppm.
When the exposure dose is lower than this value, insufficient number of photoelectron produce, and insufficient number of elemental silver crystal nucleus form.
Online since: January 2012
Authors: Hui Qing Liu, Yu Yuan Zhong
And in the shallow fracture, temperature changes rapidly, with a boiling inclusion group; Deep into the fracture in high temperature and pressure, changes slowly, there are no group inclusions boiling, and quantity, individual large inclusions in liquid water main.② compression fractures: fluid inclusions is small, generally less than 3 ~ 5μ, with alignment, and flattening features, higher homogenization temperature and salinity, often subject to deterioration, the main ingredient of CH4, with the deepening deterioration, in turn appear H2O and CO2 inclusions.③ ductile fracture: a small number of fluid inclusion homogenization temperature is high, the melt inclusions and CO2 inclusions is characterized as the temperature and pressure decreased, there CO2-H2O inclusions[8].
1.1.4 Determining the Formation Fault Age
By fracture fillings, cements the study of fluid inclusions can be formed to determine the age of the fault.
Such as the determination of fluid inclusions in quartz in the Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, Ar-Ar isochron age, the measured values of surface age of the generation that is mainly mineral ages, interpreted as the fault of the active age [8,10]. 1.2 Hydrocarbon Evaluation 1.2.1 Organic Maturity Evaluation Along with the sediment buried depth increases, geothermal temperature, organic matter happens continuously pyrolysis, maturity by low to high transformation, and organic inclusions type, color, phase composition, composition, fluorescent color, size, number, refractive index are changing.
With the maturity of organic matter from low to high maturity evolution, organic inclusions type is in the main form of liquid hydrocarbon → liquid hydrocarbon+gaseous hydrocarbon → gaseous hydrocarbon ; Color is from colorless to yellow to brown to black; Phase composition is mainly by water oil gas and oil and oil and gas mainly of three phase water oil and gas and oil and gas two phase and three-phase gas phase (mainly CH4) for; Inclusion of composition CH4 / (CO2 + H2O) ratio increase gradually, alkane (CH4 + C2H6 + C3H8) and the content of total organic component ratio turned from small to big; Fluorescent color by light yellow and brown yellow, brown and blue gray-no fluorescence; Volume from small to large; By less than the number to; Form symmetric rules to shape by thick wall of irregular; Refractive index increase ever more [11]. 1.2.2 Organic Inclusions Types, Characteristics, Abundance Predict Prospect Areas of Hydrocarbon Liquid hydrocarbon inclusions in the oil and gas
Table 4.Source Rock and Reservoir Rocks Inclusions Contrast Table (According to the ShiJiXi, 1996) Type characteristic distribution size fluorescence composition carbon number range source rock Single with liquid hydrocarbon, gas to liquid hydrocarbon inclusions cemented thing, mainly authigenic mineral, increase the edge, solution pores fillings 3~8μ strong, yellow, orange, green mainly restructuring C32 ~C14 Reservoir rock complex with gas to liquid hydrocarbon, gaseous hydrocarbon inclusions late fillings, mainly authigenic mineral fissure 5 ~ 12 u strong ~ weak, with a blue Mainly light component C12~C22 1.3 Studying the Time of Gas Accumulation Collection of source rocks, fluid inclusions in reservoir rock samples to study the gas reservoir reservoirs.
c for the dimensionless parameter [18]. 1.4.4 Pore Fluid Density D = A + Bt + Ct2 Type, D for fluid density (g/cm3), t for uniform temperature (℃), A, B, and C for the dimensionless parameter, and the function: they salinity A = A0 + A1W + A2W2 B = B0 + B1W + B2W2 C = C0 + C1W + C2W2 Type, W (%) for salinity, A0=0.993531,A1=8.72147×10-3,A2=-2.43975×10-5 B0=7.11652×10-5,B1=-5.2208×10-5,B2=1.26656×10-6 C0=-3.4997×10-6,C1=2.12124×10-7,C2=-4.52318×10-9 1.4.5 Draw Fluid Density, and Predict the Favorable Zone of Hydrocarbon Accumulation The same layer segment (such as the top of each sample P) fluid potential numerical, projection to plan, rendering the fluid potential isoline map, low potential line confined area, which is the advantageous zone of hydrocarbon accumulation. 2 Conclusion The process of the fluid inclusion formed in hydrocarbon, often originates from the carbonate and elastic rocks in the calcite veins, quartz vein, quartz secondary increase edge, quartz grain
Such as the determination of fluid inclusions in quartz in the Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, Ar-Ar isochron age, the measured values of surface age of the generation that is mainly mineral ages, interpreted as the fault of the active age [8,10]. 1.2 Hydrocarbon Evaluation 1.2.1 Organic Maturity Evaluation Along with the sediment buried depth increases, geothermal temperature, organic matter happens continuously pyrolysis, maturity by low to high transformation, and organic inclusions type, color, phase composition, composition, fluorescent color, size, number, refractive index are changing.
With the maturity of organic matter from low to high maturity evolution, organic inclusions type is in the main form of liquid hydrocarbon → liquid hydrocarbon+gaseous hydrocarbon → gaseous hydrocarbon ; Color is from colorless to yellow to brown to black; Phase composition is mainly by water oil gas and oil and oil and gas mainly of three phase water oil and gas and oil and gas two phase and three-phase gas phase (mainly CH4) for; Inclusion of composition CH4 / (CO2 + H2O) ratio increase gradually, alkane (CH4 + C2H6 + C3H8) and the content of total organic component ratio turned from small to big; Fluorescent color by light yellow and brown yellow, brown and blue gray-no fluorescence; Volume from small to large; By less than the number to; Form symmetric rules to shape by thick wall of irregular; Refractive index increase ever more [11]. 1.2.2 Organic Inclusions Types, Characteristics, Abundance Predict Prospect Areas of Hydrocarbon Liquid hydrocarbon inclusions in the oil and gas
Table 4.Source Rock and Reservoir Rocks Inclusions Contrast Table (According to the ShiJiXi, 1996) Type characteristic distribution size fluorescence composition carbon number range source rock Single with liquid hydrocarbon, gas to liquid hydrocarbon inclusions cemented thing, mainly authigenic mineral, increase the edge, solution pores fillings 3~8μ strong, yellow, orange, green mainly restructuring C32 ~C14 Reservoir rock complex with gas to liquid hydrocarbon, gaseous hydrocarbon inclusions late fillings, mainly authigenic mineral fissure 5 ~ 12 u strong ~ weak, with a blue Mainly light component C12~C22 1.3 Studying the Time of Gas Accumulation Collection of source rocks, fluid inclusions in reservoir rock samples to study the gas reservoir reservoirs.
c for the dimensionless parameter [18]. 1.4.4 Pore Fluid Density D = A + Bt + Ct2 Type, D for fluid density (g/cm3), t for uniform temperature (℃), A, B, and C for the dimensionless parameter, and the function: they salinity A = A0 + A1W + A2W2 B = B0 + B1W + B2W2 C = C0 + C1W + C2W2 Type, W (%) for salinity, A0=0.993531,A1=8.72147×10-3,A2=-2.43975×10-5 B0=7.11652×10-5,B1=-5.2208×10-5,B2=1.26656×10-6 C0=-3.4997×10-6,C1=2.12124×10-7,C2=-4.52318×10-9 1.4.5 Draw Fluid Density, and Predict the Favorable Zone of Hydrocarbon Accumulation The same layer segment (such as the top of each sample P) fluid potential numerical, projection to plan, rendering the fluid potential isoline map, low potential line confined area, which is the advantageous zone of hydrocarbon accumulation. 2 Conclusion The process of the fluid inclusion formed in hydrocarbon, often originates from the carbonate and elastic rocks in the calcite veins, quartz vein, quartz secondary increase edge, quartz grain